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See also: A General Overview Of Kinship Terminology . OVERVIEW The term Cousin commonly refers to the child of one's aunt or uncle (i.e. the child of one's parent's sibling), but the relationship between that person and oneself is more precisely termed "first cousin". "Cousins", more specifically, are any relatives of oneself that are neither one's siblings nor one's direct descendants nor one's direct ancestors; neither are one's "cousins" any siblings of one's direct ancestors nor siblings of one's direct descendants. In common and familiar terms then, never are one's parents, aunts, uncles, nephews nor nieces, nor grand-parents, grand-aunts, grand-uncles, grand-nieces, nor grand-nephews of any degree, one's cousin by that relationship. Generations Ordinal Number s (first, second, third, etc) are used to quantify in which preceding generation the common direct ancestor of the two specific individuals is located. And because generations determine one's first, second, third, fourth, etc, cousinship, those cousins are always of the same generation as oneself. (Think of a symmetrical pyramid with one's own and one's cousin's generation forming the base, then the larger the ordinal number of the cousinship is, i.e. first, second, third, etc., the higher the pyramid will be, always culminating with the two cousins' ancestor in common at the peak of this pyramid. First cousins form a pyramid with their shared grandparent at the peak, second cousins form a pyramid with their shared great-grandparent at the peak, third cousins form a pyramid with their shared great-great-grandparent at the peak, and so forth.) Generation often implies age contemporaries, but that is not the definition of a generation. A generation is defined in terms of parent, child, grandparent, grandchild, great-grandparent, great-grandchild and so forth. When there is a difference in generational level between the two individuals for whom the relationship is being defined, then the cousinship term is completed with a number ''removed'', which indicates how many generations separate the two specific individuals in question, i.e. the two individuals for whom one is defining the relationship. Examples If Andrew's great-great- Grandfather , Tom, is also Beatrice's great-great-great-great-grandfather, then Andrew and Beatrice are "third cousins twice removed". Tom is the ancestor in common of the two, and he is five generations before Beatrice, but he is only three generations before Andrew. Since Andrew holds the closer relationship status to the ancestor he has in common with Beatrice, his place determines that they are third cousins. But Beatrice and Andrew are themselves two generations removed from each other, thus Andrew and Beatrice, in this example, are "third cousins twice removed". In the above example, Andrew himself, and Beatrice's unnamed grandparent are both of the same generation and so they form the base of the symmetrical pyramid with Tom at the peak, but Beatrice is still two generations descended below this base line. So the symmetrical pyramid formed by the ancestor in common and the individual closest generationally is in this example a third cousin pyramid, then each succeeding generation beneath this symmetrical pyramid's base is removed from that third cousin pyramid. To restate, the ordinal number of cousinship (first, second, third, etc) is determined by how many generations exist between the ancestor in common and the one of the two individuals who is closest to that common ancestor's generation, while the degree of remove of the same cousinship is determined by any generational difference which may exist between the two individuals for whom one is defining the relationship. Stated yet another way, in order to correctly name the exact cousinship of two specific individuals, one must know the ancestor the two have in common, and that person's relationship to each of the two (which will be the number of generations down from that common ancestor to each of the two individuals) and also the difference in generational level which exists between the two specific individuals. If one knows the exact number of generations from the common ancestor to each of the specific individuals, then one will automatically know the difference in generations between the two as well. As the example above shows: Tom is both Andrew's great-great-grandfather, and Tom is also Beatrice's great-great-great-great-grandfather. DOUBLE COUSINS AND HALF COUSINS Generally, one's cousinship to another individual is determined by a connection through only one or the other parent, to an individual in that other parent's biological family. But an individual can also be related to another individual as cousins through both parents and thus these cousins are biologically connected to both the maternal and paternal family trees, and that is termed a double cousin. If a pair of siblings from one family, each form a couple with a pair of siblings from another family, then the children of these two couples will be double first cousins to one another. They would already automatically be first cousins due to the fact that they are children of one of their parent's siblings, but in this case the children of their mother's sibling, are also the children of their father's sibling, and thus they are double first cousins. Whether the first family siblings are brother and sister forming a coupling with a sister and brother of the second family, or whether the first family sibling pair are brothers forming a coupling with a pair of sisters from the second family, whenever two siblings from one family form a couple with two siblings from another family, the offspring of these two couples will be double first cousins to each other. Sometimes the children of these unions would be called cousin-siblings, cousin-brothers, or cousin-sisters. Note that no incest has occurred to create these close kinships. Half-siblings share only one parent. Extrapolating, if one of John's parents and one of Mary's parents are half-siblings, then John and Mary are half-cousins. The half-sibling of each of their respective parents would be their half-aunt or half-uncle. CHART The chart below helps explain cousin relationships. Note that in informal usage, a granduncle is often called a ''great uncle'' and a grandaunt is often called a ''great aunt''. Chart relationships as sentences
Similarly
Similarly
Following this pattern, it can be determined that ''x''th cousin '''''y'''''-times removed means either of the following:
MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS The family relationship between two individuals ''a'' and ''b'', where ''Ga'' and ''Gb'' respectively are the number of Generation s between each individual and their nearest common Ancestor , can be calculated by the following: x |
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