| Film Base |
Article Index for Film |
Website Links For Film |
Information AboutFilm Base |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT FILM BASE | |
| film and video technology | |
|
NITRATE Nitrate film base was the first base commercially available, thanks to Celluloid developments by John Carbutt , Hannibal Goodwin , and Eastman Kodak in the 1880s. Unfortunately, nitrate also had the drawback that it was extremely flammable (being essentially the same chemically as Guncotton ) and decomposed after several decades into a no less flammable gas, leaving the film sticky and goo-like. As this happened, the likelihood of Auto-ignition increased even further. Projection booth fires were not uncommon in the early decades of cinema if a film managed to be exposed to too much heat while passing through the gate, and several incidents of this type resulted in audience deaths by flames, smoke, or the resulting stampede. While an accident of this sort was famously recreated in '' Cinema Paradiso '', the risk was certainly not fictional; in one instance, the Laurier Palace Cinema in Montreal was the site of a fire on January 9, 1927 that occurred during a kids' film program and resulted in 77 children between the ages of 4 and 18 killed. 1978 was a particularly devastating year for film archives when both the National Archives and George Eastman House had their nitrate film vaults auto-ignite. Eastman House lost the original camera negatives for 329 films, while the National Archives lost 12.6 million feet of newsreel footage. Because the ignition of cellulose nitrate creates its own oxygen, nitrate fires can be very difficult to extinguish. The US Navy has produced an instructional movie about the safe handling and usage of nitrate films which includes footage of a full reel of nitrate film burning underwater. The base is so flammable that intentionally igniting the film for test purposes is recommended in quantities no greater than one frame without extensive safety precautions. Most nitrate films have been converted in recent decades to polyester copies, and original nitrate prints are generally stored separately to prevent a nitrate fire from destroying other non-nitrate films. Sometimes nitrate collections are even split up into several different fireproof rooms to minimize damage to an entire collection should a fire occur in one part. Usually a theater today needs to pass rigorous safety standards and precautions before being certified to run nitrate films; this includes a fireproof projection booth, fire chambers surrounding the feed and takeup reels, and several fire extinguishers built into the projector and aimed at the film gate should a trigger piece of fabric ignite. Nitrate film is classified as "dangerous goods", which requires licenses for storage and transportation. ACETATE Despite the dangers of the nitrate film base being known practically since its development, it was used in virtually all major Motion Pictures prior to 1952, when Kodak completed a four year conversion program to the sole manufacturing of acetate base film stocks. Kodak actually began working with acetate "safety film" as early as 1909, and started selling it in 1910 for 22 mm film. Acetate has always been used with 8 Mm and 16 Mm formats, as they were originally created for amateur home movie usage, and generally was used for most sub-35 mm formats to minimize risk to the general public. (Several formats, such as 17.5 mm, which were often re-slit from 35 mm were nitrate, however. One of Kodak's reasons for choosing 16 mm instead of 17.5 mm for a standard amateur format width was specifically to prevent nitrate re-slits from being used in home movies.) Acetate also is the only base which has been used with color negatives. All motion picture camera negatives are now shot on acetate film because it is safer than nitrate but not as strong as polyester bases, which may damage the camera rather than the film should a jam occur. Acetate film does not burn under intense heat, but rather melts, causing a bubbling burn-out effect - this can be seen simulated in films such as '' Persona '' or '' Velvet Goldmine '', or, if one is unlucky, in real life during a film screening when a frame becomes stuck in the projector's film gate. Acetate films are also subject to degradation over time, however, as the acetate catalyzes into acetic acid vapors, causing shrinkage of the film base and acidification of the base and eventually the emulsion. This is known as Vinegar Syndrome , because the film begins to smell like vinegar due to the acetic acid presence. POLYESTER Polyester is the most recent film base to have been developed, and was first used for specialized photography applications in 1955, but it was only in the 1990s that it became overwhelmingly popular for motion picture prints. It is highly preferable for post-production, exhibition, and archival purposes because of its flexibility, strength, and stability. Its strength is sometimes also a weakness, however, in that polyester base films are so resistant to breakage that they are often more likely to break the film equipment should a jam or extra tension occur. Movie cameras therefore do not use this base for shooting the original camera negative, as it is vastly preferable and less costly in time and money for the film to break instead. IDENTIFYING A FILM BASE There are several factors which can aid in identification of the film base of a roll of film. Many are not 100% conclusive, and it is best to use a selection of these to positively verify a film base.
REFERENCES
|
|
|