| Famine Scales |
Article Index for Famine |
Shopping Famine |
Website Links For Famine |
Information AboutFamine Scales |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT FAMINE SCALES | |
| famines | |
|
MEASUREMENT METHODS A tension that has existed in all attempts to define a famine is between definitions of famine as an event and definitions as a process. In the first case, famine is defined (roughly) as the event of many people dying of starvation within a locality or region. In the second, famine is described as a chronology beginning with a disruption or disruptions that gradually leads to widespread death. However, these general definitions have little utility for those implementing food relief as "region", "widespread", etc are undefined. One of the earliest methods of measurement was the , crop yields of one-third or one-half normal, and large populations in distress. "Famine" further included a rise in Food prices above 140% of "normal", the movement of people in search of food, and widespread mortality. The Punjab Food Code stated, "Imminence of death is the sole criterion for declaration of famine." Inherent in the Famine Codes was the assumption that famine was an event, and not a process. The basic premise of the Famine Codes formed the basis of numerous subsequent levels, Market Price s of Cereal s, status of Livestock , Rangeland conditions and trends, and enrollment on food-for-work projects. The system identifies three levels of crisis: alarm, alert and emergency, each of which is linked to a pre-planned response to mitigate the crisis and try to prevent a worsening of the situation. International organizations responding to recent food crises created ad-hoc measurements. In ). LIVELIHOODS STRATEGIES The FSAU system is one of several recent systems that draws a distinction between "saving lives" and "saving livelihoods". Older models concentrated simply on the mortality of famine victims. However, relief agencies gradually realized that the means by which families and individuals supported themselves were threatened first. Previously famines had been perceived as a threat to individuals, even large numbers of individuals. Inherent in the livelihoods strategies outlook is the conception of famine as a social problem. Populations affected by increased food stress will try to cope through market structures (i.e. selling possessions for food) and reliance upon community and family support structures. It is only when such social structures collapse under the strain that individuals are faced with the malnutrition and starvation that has commonly been viewed as "famine". During the 1980s and 1990s , studies of the process by which populations adapted to food stress as food security worsened received much attention. Four stages of the process were identified: # Reversible strategies, in response to 'normal' food stress, such as rationing food or diversifying Income # Irreversible strategies in response to prolonged food stress, such as selling breeding livestock or mortgaging land, which trade short-term survival for long-term difficulty # The failure of internal coping methods and total dependence on external food aid # Starvation and death, in the event of the failure of the first three levels of coping NUTRITION LEVELS Various Nutrition benchmarks have been proposed as the cut-off points for food insecurity levels. The United Nations Refugee Nutrition Information System lists a number of such indicator cutoff points:
The use of these cut-offs is contentious. Some argue that a crude mortality rate of one death per ten thousand people per day is already a full-scale emergency. Others note that while most indicators are focused on children, parents will often reduce their own food consumption in favor of their children. Child malnutrition may thus be a Trailing Indicator , indicating non-emergency levels even after adult malnutrition has reached crisis levels. It has also been noted that malnutrition is often not directly related to food availability; malnutrition is often the result of disease or poor child-care practices, even with adequate food availability. COMBINED INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE SCALES In an influential paper published in 2004 , Paul Howe and Stephen Devereux , both of the Institute Of Development Studies at the University Of Sussex , set forth a measurement of famine with scales for both "intensity" and "magnitude", incorporating many of the developments of recent decades. The intensity scale is: On the magnitude scale: Using this framework, each famine would receive a Magnitude designation, but locations within the affected region would be classified at varying Intensities. The 1998 southern Sudan famine would be a C: Major Famine, with an intensity of 5: Extreme famine in town. In comparison, the 2000 Ethiopian famine in Gode district would be classified as a B: Moderate famine, and would thus should demand proportionally less of the limited resources available for famine relief. While each organization working in famine-related areas has its own operational interpretation of specific indicators, the Howe-Devereaux framework has been widely adopted as a common framework by which famine warning and famine relief may be discussed worldwide, in particular in the use of the intensity scale. This has led organizations such as the World Food Programme to refrain from referring to the 2005 Niger Food Crisis as a famine, as indicators had not deteriorated into a Level 3: Famine. EXTERNAL LINKS
|
|
|