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The principality was probably named after its earliest capital, "Târgul Moldovei" (nowadays , Cetatea Dâmboviţei (now Bucharest ), Târgu Mureş , Târgul Siretului , Curtea De Argeş , etc.

There is an account of Dragoş 's naming the country after hunting an Aurochs . After the chase, his exhausted hound Molda is said to have drowned in a river that was given the name "Moldova" (see Moldova River ). The story is disputed and it still does not explain the origin of the word itself.

Another more plausible explanation is the one proposed by the Romanian historian Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu , who connected the name of the River Moldova with Mulde , a river in Saxony , and Moldau , the German name of the river Vltava in the Czech Republic , and argues that all derive from the Gothic word for "dust" - Mulda. It is notable that this would not be the only river in Romania that got its name in connection to the word, as Prahova could be derived from the Slavic equivalent, '''Prah'''.

The Romanian Linguist Iorgu Iordan proposed that the word be seen as a Derivative of Molid ( Spruce ), but the disappearance of the "i" would be hard to explain within the frame of Romanian Phonetics .

Today, this word (or its variants) designate both the Romanian region known in English as Moldavia and the independent Republic Of Moldova immediately east of that region. Both are portions of the former principality.