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Mathematically, the unification is accomplished under an ''SU''(2) × ''U''(1) Gauge Group . The corresponding gauge Bosons are the Photon of electromagnetism and the W And Z Bosons of the weak force. In the Standard Model , the weak gauge bosons get their Mass from the Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking of the electroweak symmetry from ''SU''(2) × ''U''(1)''Y'' to ''U''(1)em, caused by the Higgs_mechanism (see also Higgs_boson ). The subscripts are used to indicate that these are different copies of ''U''(1); the generator of ''U''(1)em is given by ''Q'' = ''Y''/2 + ''I''3, where ''Y'' is the generator of ''U''(1)''Y'' (called the Hypercharge ), and ''I''3 is one of the ''SU''(2) generators (a component of Isospin ). The distinction between electromagnetism and the weak force arises because there is a (nontrivial) linear combination of ''Y'' and ''I''3 that vanishes for the Higgs boson (it is an eigenstate of both ''Y'' and ''I''3, so the coefficients may be taken as −''I''3 and ''Y''): ''U''(1)em is defined to be the group generated by this linear combination, and is unbroken because it doesn't interact with the Higgs. For contributions to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction between Elementary Particles Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam , and Steven Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize In Physics in 1979 . SEE ALSO |
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