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Egyptian television began broadcasting its programs in 1960 . Though the decision to start television service was taken earlier by the late President Gamal Abdel Nasser , the British-French-Israeli Suez Invasion delayed work until late 1959 . Egypt then signed a contract with Radio Corporation Of America to provide the country with a television network and the capacity to manufacture sets. Construction of the radio and television center was completed in 1960, and the first Egyptian television broadcast started on July 21 , 1960 . On . After the 1973 War , both television production and transmission facilities were converted to color under the SECAM system. The Egyptian broadcasting changed from SECAM to PAL in 1992 . TERRESTRIAL CHANNELS There are 10 state-owned Broadcast or "over the air" channels in Egypt:
EGYPTIAN SATELLITE (NILESAT) On May 31 , 1998 the first Egyptian Satellite (Nilesat 101) was launched. The satellite was devoted to TV channels, information and multi-media transmission. It includes 12 satellite channels each used for transmitting several TV and radio channels. The Nilesat broadcast covers Egypt, Arab Countries in addition to parts of neighbouring countries such as Turkey , Iran , some Mediterranean and African countries. On August 17 , 2000 another satelite (Nilesat 102) was launched to provides additional channels. SPECIALIZED NILE TV CHANNELS Nilesat allowed for the launch of several specialized TV channels in addition to Egyptian satellite channel (ESC) and Nile TV . All are owned by the Egyptian state. Specialized channels include:
PRIVATE CHANNELS The first private Egyptian channel ", 2001 . The channel is owned by the Egyptian businessman Ahmed Bahgat . In 2002 , another channel "el-Mehwer TV" was established which is now owned by Dr. Hassan Rateb and the Egyptian radio and television union. CRITICISM Since its establishment, Egyptian television has always been regarded as the voice of Egyptian government and the ruling political party. Both the ERTU and the Television sector chairmen are appointed by the Minister Of Information . Terrestrial channels, Egyptian satellite channel and specialized nile channels are under direct government supervision, operation and ownership. Private channels have a considerable freedom but with some limits. According to a study by the Cairo Institute for Human Rights (CIRS), during Presedential Elections both state-owned television channels and independent channels devoted more time to cover Mubarak 's campaign than for the other nine candidates {Link without Title} . Another example for government intervention in private channels was banning the Egyptian famous journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal from appearing in Dream TV. Dream aired a lecture Heikal gave at the American University In Cairo in which he commented on speculation surrounding the bequeathing of the presidency in Egypt. This was the last time he appeared on Egyptian TV. {Link without Title} According to Reporters Without Borders 2005 report ; Egyptian media ranks 143th out of 167 countries in freedom of the press {Link without Title} . REFERENCES
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