The prefix is sometimes added to emphasize movement beyond the normal position, such as in '''hyperflexion''' or '''hyperextension'''. Such movements can put significant stress on the Joint s involved.
All motions are considered to be a mixture of or a single contribution by the following types of movement.
- ''Adjusting angle between two parts''
- --- - Bending movement that ''decreases'' the angle between two parts. Bending the Elbow , or clenching a hand into a Fist , are examples of flexion. When sitting down, the knees are flexed. Flexion of the hip or shoulder moves the limb forward (towards the Anterior side of the body).
- --- - The opposite of flexion; a straightening movement that ''increases'' the angle between body parts. In a conventional handshake, the fingers are fully extended. When standing up, the knees are extended. Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the limb backward (towards the posterior side of the body).
- ''Adjusting relation to midline of body''
- --- - A motion that pulls a structure or part ''towards'' the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. Dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction. In the case of the fingers or toes, adduction is closing the digits together. Adduction of the wrist is called ''ulnar deviation''.
- --- - A motion that pulls a structure or part ''away from'' the midline of the body (or, in the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot). Abduction of the wrist is called ''radial deviation''. Raising the arms to the sides is an example of abduction.
- ''Adjusting elevation''
- --- - Movement in a superior direction. This term is often applied to the shoulders (eg shrugging shoulders is elevation).
- --- - Movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.
- ''sides of the hands and feet''
- --- The palm (''adj'' palmar) of the hand corresponds to the sole (''adj'' plantar) of the foot. The term ''volar'', used mainly in Orthopaedics , is synonymous with ''palmar'' and ''plantar''.
- --- The dorsum (back) of the hand corresponds to the dorsum (top) of the foot.
- ''rotation of the forearm''
- --- - A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position. This is not medial rotation as this must be performed when the arm is half flexed.
- --- - The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly. The hand is '''supine''' (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position.
- ''flexion of the entire foot''
- --- - flexion of the entire foot superiorly, or upwards.
- --- - Flexion of the entire foot inferiorly, or downwards.
- ''movement of the sole of the foot''
- --- - the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.
- --- - the movement of the sole towards the median plane. (same as when an ankle is twisted).
- ''anterior/posterior movement''
- --- - The anterior movement of an object. This term is often applied to the jaw.
- --- - The opposite of protrusion, moving a part posteriorly.
- ''motion in an arc''
- --- - A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. The upper arm rotates on the shoulder socket, and the head rotates on the neck.
- --- - The circular (or, more precisely, Conical ) movement of a body part, such as a Ball-and-socket Joint or the Eye . It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. "Windmilling" the Arms or rotating the Hand from the Wrist are examples of circumductive movement.
- ''motion within body (such as in Blood Vessel s or the Digestive System )''
- --- motion is in the normal direction of flow. (For example, passage of food from the mouth to the stomach.)
- --- motion means reversed flow. (For example, Gastric Reflux .)
- - A motion in which body parts are brought together. Most commonly used to describe the grasping motion of the thumb and fingers.
- White, T. D. & P. A. Folkens. Human Osteology. 1991. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego.
http://www.dumpalink.com/media/1146470623/Gymnast_Shows_Hyper_Extention
|
