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Cylinder Seal




The Cylinder seals in ancient times, were used to make an impression in clay. But in the case of the cylinder seal, it is a picture, (a 'picture-story'(glyptic) and later, notations with ' Mesopotamian hieroglyphs), rolled onto the clay, (into the clay). (In later periods, they were then used to "notarize", or 'attest' to a clay document (in multiple copies of impressions).) The seal itself is made from a hard stone, (or of glass(Egyptian " Faience ")), of many varieties, types of rocks, often Lapis Lazuli , because of the beauty of the blue stone. In Graves , burials, etc, and other sites, for example ''a hoard'' of precious items, often contained gold, silver, beads, gemstones, etc. often including 1 or 2 ''Cylinder seals''.

Other mineral types, besides , Carnelian , etc.

Because Iconography , (the topics and the scenes), varied with (time) period and region, these were some of the common uses of the Cylinder seal:
:Doors.
:Storage jars.
:Bales of comodities.
:Clay tablets, and clay tablet envelopes, (see .)
:Components upon Fabricated Objects.
: Amuletic – \Philosophical value.

Cylinder seals, are listed in today's, present day books, and books from decades ago, as one, ( 1 ), of a small category of the , etc.). "Finger rings" may have sometimes been made, to also be an "impression" ring.


THEME-DRIVEN, MEMORIAL, AND COMMEMORATIVE NATURE


These "cylinder seal images", are in the 'main', theme driven (often Sociological/Religious). Instead of addressing the "authority" of the seal, a better study may be of the thematic nature of the seals, since the ideas of the society are presented, in pictographic, scenic, "action-scenes", " Hieroglyphic " script, and also " Cuneiform Script ". In the "action-scene" example of Darius I 's cylinder seal, ''Darius' chariot horse is trampling a deceased lion, while he is Aiming with Drawn Bow at an "Upright, Enraged Lion with 2 Arrows Impaled."'' The scene is also framed between 2 slim Palm Trees, a Block story of Cuneiform, and above the "Action Scene", the symbol of Ahura Mazda , the 'god' representation of Zoroastrianism .

showing the king hunting on his Chariot and the Faravahar .]]

CYLINDER SEALS



The reference below, Garbini, covers 'many' of the following "categories" of Cylinder seals. Note that the book is in the category of "Artworks, from World History".

A beginning Categorization of Cylinder seals:
  • Akkadian cylinder seals.

  • --Akkadian seal, ca. 2300 BC, stone seal w/ modern impression. See National Geographic Ref. The glyptic(the Scenes) shows "God in Barge ", people and offerings.

  • Assyrian cylinder seals.

  • Egyptian cylinder seals.

  • --Egyptian Naqada period (tombs, graves),(imported).

  • --Egyptian Faience .

  • Hittite cylinder seals.


  • -{Clay envelope usage, etc., see Kultepe .)

  • Kassite cylinder seals.

  • Mitannian cylnder seals.

  • Old Babylonian cylinder seals.

  • Persian cylinder seals; see Darius I .

  • Proto-Elamite cylinder seals.

  • Sumerian cylinder seals; See Gilgamesh .

  • ---Seals of the "Moon-God", see Sin (mythology) .

  • ---see Ref.(Robinson), Seal of Ur-Nammu , 2112-2095 BCE. Close-up picture of Seal, and adjacent 'modern impression', high resolution, 2X-3X natural size.

  • ---" Shamash Pictographic Seals "; see Mari, Syria .

  • Neo-Sumerian cylinder seals.

  • ---see Ref.(Garbini), "Seated God, and Worshippers", ''Cylinder seal, and a modern Impression'', p. 40, (British Museum, London).

  • Syrian cylinder seals.



SEAL IMPRESSION: A COMPONENT OF A LIQUID-OFFERING RECEPTACLE


The Metropolitan Museum Of Art publication, ''Ancient Near Eastern Art,'' contains ten (10) Cylinder seals, (and some '''stone types'''), and their ''modern Impressions.'' (One is in the '''''" Picasso-esque style,"''''' and impossible to categorize, and it is also "short", a non-standard length, cylinder.) A "ceremonial" Ceramic ''"Liquid-Offering Receptacle"'' is pictured(–possibly Syrian), and, as an explanation for some of the ''"cult" object's'' themes—
  • It explains food and liquid offerings, ritually, (presumably daily).

  • It shows the "priest/priestess" class and dual roles of kingship and priest responsibilities: (by way of the Cylinder seal "story", but only 1/20th of the entire object presentation).

  • Iconography . The building roof-top, w/ the ''undefinable'' human figure is holding back two felines by the butt of the tails, (large Lion-headed, small bodies).

  • Iconography: A 'two-story' building, small (one room), circular ceiling timbers(3,4 per "story") in mud brick, and Roof-top: Human and lions, 2X-sized compared to the "building".


The 3.5 (in. square) x 12.5 in. (height) clay ''Liquid-offering Receptacle'' has an opening for the liquids, on the "roof" between the two lions. The liquid exits "frontward" through the "door"("openings", front side) of each story. At the front of the "Two Lions", a 'panel'–(as a Cornice , or a type of Lintel (archaeology) ), runs the entire ''cylinder seal impression''— in two halves. For the category of its Theme , the Cylinder seal impression approximates: '' ''" Procession,'' with '''''Bearers Bringing Gifts''''' to the '''''God's Shrine "'''''.'' See the Metropolitan Museum ref., pg 23, (Object 22).


SEE




SEE ALSO




REFERENCES


  • Bahn,Paul. ''Lost Treasures, Great Discoveries in World Archaeology'', Ed. by Paul G. Bahn, (Barnes and Noble Books, New York), c 1999. Examples of, or discussions of ''Stamp seals, Cylinder seals,'' and a '' "metal stamp seal".''


  • Garbini,Giovanni. ''Landmarks of the World's Art, The Ancient World'', by Giovanni Garbini, (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, Toronto), General Eds, Bernard S. Myers, New York, Trewin Copplestone, London, c 1966. Discussion, or pictures of about 25 "cylinder seals"; also lists the '''"Scaraboid seal",''' an impression seal(needs to be a Mirror/Reverse to be an impression seal).


  • Metropolitan Museum of Art. ''Cuneiform Texts in the , in the USA, with Analysis.)

  • Metropolitan Museum Of Art . ''Ancient Near Eastern Art,'' (Reprint), Metr. Mus. of Art Photograph Studio, Designed, Alvin Grossman, Photography, Lynton Gardiner, (Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (Spring 1984)), c 1984. 56pgs.



  • Nat'l Geogr. Soc. ''Wonders of the Ancient World; National Geographic Atlas of Archeology'', Norman Hammond, Consultant, Nat'l Geogr. Soc., (Multiple Staff authors), (Nat'l Geogr., R.H.Donnelley & Sons, Willard, OH), 1994, 1999, Reg. or Deluxe Ed. Origins of Writing, section, pp 68-75. ''' Akkadian Cylinder seal,''' with its modern '''''seal Impression.''''' p. 71.


  • Robinson,Andrew. ''The Story of Writing'', Andrew Robinson, (Thames and Hudson), c 1995, paperback ed., c 1999. (Page 70, Chapter 4: Cuneiform) Ur-Nammu cylinder seal (and impression), with 2095 BCE hieroglyphs, 2X-3X; Darius I , '''impression only,''' of chariot hunting scene, 2X, ca 500 BCE.