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CETI research has focused on three broad areas: mathematical languages, pictorial systems such as the Arecibo message, and algorithmic communication systems (ACETI). HISTORY Humans have been attempting to communicate with other planets since they first speculated about the existence of inhabited worlds. (placeholder for additional content to be added) MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGES Astraglossa Published in 1953 by Lancelot Hogben describes a system for combining numbers and operators in a series of short and long pulses. In Hogben's system, short pulses represent numbers, while trains of long pulses represent symbols for addition, subtraction, etc. LinCos (Lingua Cosmica) Lincos , published in 1960 by Hans Freudenthal , expands upon Astraglossa to create a general purpose language derived from basic math and logic symbols. A language based on the fundamental facts of science Published in 1992 by Carl Devito and Richard Oehrle , is similar in syntax to Astraglossa and Lincos but builds its vocabulary around known physical properties. PICTORIAL MESSAGES Pictorial communication systems seek to describe fundamental mathematical or physical concepts via simplified diagrams sent as bitmaps. These messages assume that the recipient has similar visual capabilities (weak assumption) and can understand basic math and geometry (strong assumption because both are prerequisites for building the optimal shape for a radio or optical telescope). A common critique of these systems is that they assume a shared understanding of special shapes, which may not be the case with a species with substantially different vision, and therefore a different way of interpreting visual information. Voyager probes The Voyager probes, launched in 1977 , carried two golden records that were inscribed with diagrams depicting the human form, our solar system and its location. Also included were recordings of pictures and sounds from Earth. The Arecibo message The Arecibo Message , transmitted in 1974, was a 1679 Pixel image with 73 rows and 23 columns. It shows the numbers one through ten, the atomic numbers of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, the formulas for the sugars and bases in the nucleotides of DNA, the number of nucleotides in DNA, the double helix structure of DNA, a figure of a human being and its height, the population of Earth, our solar system, and an image of the Arecibo telescope with its diameter. Cosmic Call messages The '' Cosmic Call '' message consist of few digital sections - "Rosetta Stone", copy of Arecibo Message, Bilingual Image Glossary. The "Rosetta Stone" composed by Stephane Dumas and Yvan Dutil and represents a multi-page bitmap that builds a vocabulary of symbols representing numbers and mathematical operations. The message proceeds from basic math to progressively more complex concepts, including physical processes and objects (such as a Hydrogen atom). The message is designed with noise resistant format and characters, which make it resistant to alteration by noise. These Messages were transmitted in 1999 and 2003 from Evpatoria Planetary Radar under scientific guidance of Alexander Zaitsev . MULTI-MODAL MESSAGES Teen-Age Message The ''Teen-Age Message'', composed by Russian scientists (Zaitsev, Gindilis, Pshenichner, Filippova) and teens, was transmitted from the 70-m dish of Evpatoria Deep Space Center to six Sun-like stars on August 29 and September 3 and 4, 2001. The message consists of three parts: Section 1 represents coherent sounding radio signal with slow Doppler wavelength tuning to imitate transmission from Sun's center. This signal was transmitted in order to help Extraterrestrials detect the TAM and diagnose the radio propagation effect of interstellar medium. Section 2 is analog information and represents musical melodies, performed on the Theremin. This electric musical instrument produces quasi-monochromatic signal, which is easily detectable across interstellar distances. There were seven musical compositions in the 1st Theremin Concert for Aliens. Section 3 represents a well-known Arecibo-like binary digital information: Logotype of TAM, bilingual Russian and English Greeting to Aliens and Image Glossary. Cosmic Call 2003 message The ''Cosmic Call 2003'' message contained text, images, video, music, the Dutil/Dumas message, a copy of the 1974 Arecibo message, BIG = Bilingual Image Glossary, and the AI program ''Ella''. ALGORITHMIC MESSAGES Algorithmic communication systems are a relatively new field within SETI. In these systems, which build upon early work on mathematical languages, the sender describes a small set of math and logic symbols that form the basis for a rudimentary programming language that the recipient can run on a (the message might contain algorithms that process data elsewhere in the message), and the ability to embed proxy agents within the message. In principle, a sophisticated program when run on a fast enough computing substrate, may exhibit complex behavior and perhaps intelligence. CosmicOS '' CosmicOS '', designed by Paul Fitzpatrick at MIT , describes a Virtual Machine that is derived from Lambda Calculus . Logic Gate Matrices '' Logic Gate Matrices '' (aka LGM), developed by Brian McConnell, describes a universal Virtual Machine that is constructed by connecting coordinates in an n-dimensional space via math and logic operations, for example: (1,0,0) <-- (OR (0,0,1) (0,0,2)). Using this method, one can describe an arbitrarily complex computing substrate as well as the instructions to be executed on it. CETI RESEARCHERS pioneer, composed the Arecibo Message with Carl Sagan Laurence Doyle (SETI Institute) : studies animal communication, and has developed statistical measures of complexity in animal utterances as well as human language. Stephane Dumas : developed ''Cosmic Call'' messages, as well as a general technique for generating 2-D symbols that remain recognizable even if corrupted by noise. Yvan Dutil : developed ''Cosmic Call'' messages with Stephane Dumas. Paul Fitzpatrick ( Brian McConnell : developed framework for algorithmic communication systems (ACETI) from 2000-2002. Marvin Minsky ( MIT AI researcher) : first proposed the idea of including algorithms within an interstellar message. throughout his life. Douglas Vakoch (SETI Institute) : studies CETI and has published numerous articles, as well as an upcoming book from MIT Press about interstellar communication. Alexander Zaitsev (IRE, Russia) : composed ''Teen Age Message'' with Boris Pshenichner, Lev Gindilis, Lilia Filippova, et al., composed ''Bilingual Image Glossary'' for ''Cosmic Call 2003 Message'', Scientific Manager of transmitting from Evpatoria Planetary Radar the Cosmic Call 1999, the Teen Age Message 2001, and the Cosmic Call 2003. REFERENCES
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