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The clean animals are listed in the book of Leviticus in the Torah . Many animals in the passage that are clean have the characteristic of having divided Hoof s and also chew their Cud for it to be regurgitated. In the case in Fish , scales and fins are present. If they do not have either one of them, they can be considered as an Unclean Animal . The division is largely used as the basis for identifying Taboo Meat proscribed by religious Dietary Laws , which in Judaism are known as Kashrut and in Islam as Halaal . LIST OF CLEAN ANIMALS Hebrew Bible This contains a list of clean animals that are specially mentioned from the Chapter 11 in the book of . Note: The Torah does vaguely mention some "ground crawlers" being kosher, but most orthodox Rabbis and kashruth unions have determined that the Torah was never specific enough concerning which "ground crawlers" are, and they therefore deem all insects are not kosher, as a precaution. EXPANDED LIST This list contains animals that are not specified in the Bible, but from the characteristics mentioned in the passage (Leviticus 11:1-47) in the Bible are considered to be clean.
SCIENCE STUDIES ON UNCLEAN/CLEAN ANIMALS In " animals was higher than that of the "clean" animals, and that the correlation with the description in Leviticus was 100%. {Link without Title} Dr. Macht used a toxicology test cited in the peer reviewed literature that Dr. Macht reported was particularly good for zoological toxins which of course is relevant for testing kosher and non kosher meat/fish/poultry. In addition, Dr. Macht had research indicating the harmful physiological effects of meat and milk combinations. Lastly, Dr. Macht compared conventional animal slaughtering versus kosher slaughtering and determined that kosher slaughtering produced less toxic meat. Macht's conclusions were challenged by some scientist in a Seventh Day Adventist publication although one partially affirmed his study {Link without Title} Seventh Day adventist believe in eating kosher but Christians are in general agreement that they can eat the food that was declared unclean in the Old Testament (Galatians 2: 7-16 and 1 Timothy 4:1-5). Some of the criticism of Dr. Macht's study is regarding controversy about what animals are kosher and what animals are non-kosher (see: reference section and various Scripture translations). For those who are interested in the toxicology test Dr. Macht used in greater depth, Dr. Macht discusses the reliability of toxicology method he used in relation to zoological toxins in the peer reviewed science literature (see reference section). Perhaps in the long term eating food that is more toxic and that the Torah declared unclean is less healthy or perhaps it makes no difference. In the short term eating non kosher food often appears to have no dramatic ill effects in general. For example, the Arabs who do not eat kosher consider camel to be a delicacy. Clearly, non kosher Arabs do not fall dead right after eating camel meat. However, the long term optimality of eating clean versus unclean meat though is an unanswered question of science. Also, eating non kosher foods clearly has some nutritional benefit. For example, shrimp and pork contain protein. Perhaps, the benefits outweigh the cost and clearly there is some nutritional goodness in foods that the Torah declared unclean. What foods are good or not good or optimal from an empirically tested science viewpoint is often controversial. In short, in regard to eating strictly a kosher diet versus a non kosher diet science has no definitive answers at the present time. A 1985 study by Nanji and French found that there was a significant relationship between cirrhosis and pork consumption (Dr. Macht found that swine meat was more toxic than food the Torah declared clean). {Link without Title} However, in relationship to the Torah it must be admitted that modern day pork raising is different than ancient methods. Perhaps, modern swine ingest or are exposed to toxins in the modern commercial swine raising industry. Of course, as noted earlier even unclean foods have their benefits and what is nutritionally sound in the long term from an empirical science standpoint in relation to clean and unclean food in general appears to be an unanswered question. Jane Cahill reported in Biblical Archaeological Review (Jane Cahill and Peter Warnock, "It had to happen, Scientist Examines Ancient Bathrooms of Romans 586B.C." BAR May/June 1991 ) that the toilets of a Jewish household in Jerusalem were examined and no parasites or infectious agents were found. A similar study done regarding Egyptians revealed eggs from Schistosoma, Trichinella, wire worm and tapeworms, all found in pork. These organisms can cause significant chronic diseases. Of course, this is only one finding but perhaps noteworthy. SEE ALSO FURTHER READING
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