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Clause




In Grammar , a clause is a group of words consisting of a Subject and a Predicate , although, in Non-finite Clause s, the subject is often not explicitly given. In Null Subject Language s there may not be a subject, either explicit or implicit. A clause is either a whole Sentence or in effect a sentence-within-a-sentence.

Clauses are often contrasted with Phrase s, which do not express complete thoughts through combinations of subjects and predicates. Phrases generally do not contain verbs except as verbals ( Gerund s, Participle s, and Infinitive s).

Example:

  • I didn't know that the dog ran through the yard.

  • ---''through the yard'' is ''not'' a clause, but a Phrase , since it has no subject or verb.

  • ---''the dog ran through the yard'' is a clause; it is a whole sentence contained within a larger sentence.



INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT CLAUSES


There are two basic categories of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses.


Independent clauses


An independent clause (or '''main clause''', or '''coordinate clause''') can stand by itself as a grammatically viable '' Simple Sentence ''. Multiple independent clauses can be joined (usually with a comma and a coordinating conjunction) to form a '' Compound Sentence ''.

Examples:

  • I am a bus driver. (simple sentence)

  • I drive a bus. (simple sentence)

  • I am a bus driver, and I drive a bus. (compound sentence)

  • I want to be an astronaut, but I haven't gotten my diploma. (compound sentence)

  • I am a bus driver, but I want to be an astronaut. (compound sentence)

  • Go to the store, and get me a copy of Planetside . (compound sentence) (Though a subject is not visible, in English the subject of an Imperative is considered to be the Pronoun 'you')



Dependent clauses


A dependent clause (or '''subordinate clause''') cannot stand alone as a sentence. It usually begins with a Subordinating Conjunction or, in the case of an adverb or adjective clause ( See Below ), a Relative Pronoun . A sentence with an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is referred to as a '' Complex Sentence ''. One with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is referred to as a '' Compound-complex Sentence ''.

Examples:

  • My sister cried because she scraped her knee. (complex sentence)

  • ---Subjects: My sister, she

  • ---Predicates: cried, scraped her knee

  • ---Subordinating conjunction: because


  • When they told me I won the contest, I cried, but I didn't faint.
    --(compound-complex sentence)

  • ---Subjects: they, I, I, I

  • ---Predicates: told me, won the contest, cried, didn't faint

  • ---Subordinating conjunctions: When, that (understood)

  • ---Coordinating conjunction: but


The above sentence actually contains two dependent clauses. "When they told me" is one; the other is "(that) I won the contest." The "that" is understood to precede the "I won" and functions as a subordinating conjunction.


Types of dependent clauses


Dependent clauses are often classified by their part of speech: a ''noun clause'' functions as a noun, an ''adjective clause'' functions as an adjective, and an ''adverb clause'' functions as an adverb.

Examples:

  • '' That the kid was making so much money bothered me.'' (A noun clause is the subject of ''bothered''.)

  • ''Her eyes were a shade of blue that reminded me of the sea. '' (An adjective clause is modifying ''a shade of blue''.)

  • ''I have a tendency to hyperventilate when I'm upset.'' (An adverb clause is modifying the entire main clause.)