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Chiasmus




Today, chiasmus is applied fairly broadly to any "criss-cross" structure, although in classical rhetoric, it would have been distinguished from other similar devices, especially Antimetabole . In its classical application, chiasmus would have been used for structures that ''do not'' repeat the same words and phrases.


EXAMPLES



Chiasmus: broader sense

These examples are often quoted by modern commentators to demonstrate chiasmus, although most are examples of Antimetabole .
  • "...ask not what your country can do for '''you''' — ask what '''you''' can do for your country." John F. Kennedy ''Inaugural Address'', January 20, 1961.

  • "...Let us never negotiate out of '''fear'''. But let us never '''fear''' to negotiate.." John F. Kennedy ''Inaugural Address'', January 20, 1961.

  • "Mankind must put an end to '''war''' or '''war''' will put an end to '''mankind'''." John F. Kennedy

  • "Let's make sure that the Supreme Court does not pick the next '''president''', and this '''president''' does not choose the next Supreme Court ." Albert Gore Jr. at the 2004 Democratic National Convention .

  • "America did not invent '''human rights'''. In a very real sense, it is the other way round. '''Human rights''' invented America." {Link without Title} Jimmy Carter ''Farewell Address''

  • "What counts is not necessarily the size of the dog in the '''fight''' — it's the size of the '''fight''' in the dog." Dwight D. Eisenhower January 1958 speech to the Republican National Committee

  • "Well, it's not the men in your '''life''' that counts, it's the '''life''' in your men." Line spoken by Mae West in ''I'm No Angel'' ( 1933 ):

  • StarKist Tuna advertisements from the 1980s included "Sorry, Charlie. StarKist doesn't want tunas with good taste -- StarKist wants tunas that taste good." (N.B. This is more an example of Antanaclasis )

  • There are examples of chiasmus in the Bible . For example, Genesis 9:6: "Whoever sheds the blood of '''man''', by '''man''' shall his blood be '''shed'''."

  • An earlier example, from Croesus dates back to the 6th Century BC : "In peace sons bury their '''fathers''', but in war '''fathers''' bury their sons."

  • "In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, The Party can always find you!" Yakov Smirnoff


Chiasmus may be implied, as when Kermit The Frog says "Time's fun when you're having '''flies'''" or Mae West says "A '''hard''' man is '''good''' to find," or Jethro Tull 's "In the beginning '''Man''' created '''God'''."

Chiasmus is not limited to an exchange of words; it can also involve the exchange of letters or syllables, as in "I’d Rather Have A Bottle In Front Of Me (Than A Frontal Lobotomy )," or the flipping of syntactical structures, as in "I love too much and too little hate."

This criss-crossing term derives its name from the X-shaped Greek Letter χ (chi). An informal term for chiasmus introduced by Calvin Trillin and used particularly among political speechwriters is reversible raincoat sentences.


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