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C-command
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In the following tree:
  • A c-commands C, D, and E.

  • B does not c-command any nodes.

  • C c-commands A.

  • D c-commands E.

  • E c-commands D.




   B

  / \

 A   C

    / \

   D   E


A node is said to "dominate" another node if it is above it in the tree (it is a parent, grandparent, etc.) The formal definition is that X c-commands Y if:
  • X does not dominate Y.

  • Y does not dominate X.

  • The first branching node that dominates X also dominates Y.


The branching requirement means that in the following tree, B c-commands D, E, and F.



   C

  / \

 B   D