Armenian Verbs

BASIC FORMS

Infinitive

The Infinitive of Armenian verbs is formed with the stem, the theme vowel, and the affix ''-l'':

''sirel'' (to love) sir + e + -l

EA ''kardal''/WA ''gartal'' (to read) kard/gart + a + -l

The endings reflect the number of Conjugation s possible. Western Armenian is conservative, retaining three conjugations: a, e, and i:

I: ''sirel'' (to love)

II: WA ''khōsil'' (to speak)

III: EA ''kardal''/WA ''gartal'' (to read)

Eastern Armenian has collapsed WA conjugations I and II as /-el/:

''khosel'' (to speak)

Stems

There are two main stems per verb, the present stem and past stem. For conjugations I/II, the past stem is identical to the present stem, which is basically the verb minus the theme vowel and ending:

''sirel'': pres/past ''sir-''

''khōsil/khosel'': pres/past ''khōs-/khos-''

The third conjugation has an augment, ''-ac (sometimes ''-ec):

''kardal/gartal'': pres. ''kard-/gart-'', past ''kardac'-/gartac'-''

Participles

The number and type of Participle s varies by dialect. The present and past participles are affixed to the past stem.

Both dialects have the following participles:

present in ''-ogh'':

''sirogh'' (loving)

EA ''khosogh''/WA ''khōsogh'' (speaking)

EA ''kardac'ogh''/WA ''gartac'ogh'' (reading)

Sometimes, this participle is used as an agentive noun:

''usanogh'' (student), fr. ''usanel'' (to study)

future in ''-lu'':

''sirelu'' (loving)

EA ''khoselu''/WA ''khōsilu'' (speaking)

EA ''kardalu''/WA ''gartalu'' (reading)

Both dialects have a past passive participle, WA ''-adz''/EA ''ac'':

EA ''sirac''/WA ''siradz'' (loved)

EA ''khosadz''/WA ''khōsadz'' (spoken)

EA ''kardac'ac''/WA ''gartac'adz'' (read)

Where the dialects differ is the past active participle. The Western Armenian participle is ''-er'', for all conjugations:

''sirer'' (loved)

''khōser'' (spoken)

''gartac'er'' (read)

Eastern Armenian has ''-el'':

''sirel'' (loved)

''khosel'' (spoken)

''kardac'el'' (read)

Eastern Armenian has two additional standard participles:

In addition to present ''-ogh'', there is present ''-um'':

''sirum'' (loving)

''khosum'' (speaking)

''kardum'' (reading)

... and ''-lis'':

''sirelis'' (loving)

EA ''khoselis'' (speaking)

EA ''kardalis'' (reading)

Western Armenian has one additional participle, a future in ''-lik''':

''sirelik''' (loving)

''khōsilik''' (speaking)

''gartalik''' (reading)

TENSE/MOOD/ASPECT STRUCTURE

Introduction

Both dialects have the same number of moods, four ( Indicative , Conditional , Optative /subjunctive and Imperative ). The number of Tense s varies by dialect. The Aspect is divided roughly the same in both dialects, but the distribution is slighly different.

Indicative tenses

The number of tenses of the indicative mood in both dialects
are the following: present, imperfect, preterite, future. The actual usage varies by dialect.

Present

The present tense is dialect-specific. Eastern Armenian uses the ''-um'' participle with the present tense of "to be" (EA ''linel''):

Western Armenian uses a conjugated form of the verb preceded by the particle ''gә''. The conjugated form of the verb corresponds to the verb class, i.e. e-vowel, i-vowel or a-vowel:

In Western Armenian, final /j/ in polysyllabic words is silent. It is given here as a transliteration. The form is pronounced {Link without Title} .

''Examples:''

(EA) Na girk'ә kardum ē (He is reading/reads the book)

(WA) An gә gartay kirk'ә. (ibid.)

Imperfect

The Eastern imperfect is the same construction, but substitutes the past tense of ''linel'':

The Western imperfect is ''gә'' plus the conjugated imperfect:

''Examples:''

(EA) Nrank' im girk'ә kardum ēin (They were reading/would read my book)

(WA) Anonk' gә gartayin im kirk'ә. (ibid.)

Future

The Eastern future tense is made with the future participle in ''-elu'' with the present tense of ''linel'':

Western Armenian uses the present tense of the verb preceded by the particle ''bidi'':

''Examples:''

(You will read his book)

bidi gartas

Note that due to the ending of the future participle, the forms ''em, es, enk', ek', en'' in EA are pronounced ''yem, yes, yenk', yek', yen''.

Preterite

This tense goes by many different names in various grammars, but Preterite comes closest to its actual function.

Both Eastern and Western Armenian use a synthetic preterite (i.e. the endings are attached directly to the verb). The preterite is formed by deleting the infinitive ''-l'', then adding ''-c'i, -c'ir, etc...'' (see below). Note that WA 2nd conjugation in /i/ changes theme vowel to /e/ before adding the endings (in bold below), i.e. ''khōsil'' → ''khōse-''

''Examples:''

(EA) Menk' mi girk' kardac'ink' (We read a book)

(WA) Menk' gartac'ink' kirk' mә. (ibid.)

Optative

The Optative mood (called the subjunctive in some grammars) in Armenian is identical in both dialects. There are two tenses: non-past (present, etc...) and past (perfect, etc ...).

Non-past

The non-past optative is the simple "present" conjugated form, as compared to other Indo-European languages:

This form is pronounced {Link without Title}

Past

The past optative is the simple "imperfect" conjugated form, as compared to other Indo-European languages:

A note about the /e/-conjugation and pronunciation:

In both dialects, there is a latent /j/ sound between the theme vowel and the ending. This means that ''sirei/sirēi'' is pronounced /sireji/. The /a/-conjugation has, in orthography (and in transliteration above), a written "y".

Conditional

The Conditional in each dialect is distinct, based on how formed.

In Eastern Armenian, the non-past conditional is formed by affixing ''k-'' before the non-past optative: ''ksirem'' ''kәsirem'' (I would read), ''kkhosi'' (he would speak), etc. Become of this, Eastern Armenian also has a perfect (i.e. past) conditional with ''k-'' plus past optative: ''kkardayink ''kәkardayink (we would have read), etc.

An additional note: the Eastern conditional forms, with slight orthographic variation, are identical to the Western present and imperfect indicative forms (remember that EA /k/ = WA /g/):

(WA) An gә gartay kirk'ә. (He is reading/reads the book, prs.indic)

(WA) Anonk' gә gartayin im kirk'ә. (They were reading/would read my book, impf.indic)

but:

(EA) Na girk'ә kkarda (He would read the book ... , prs.cond)

(EA) Nrank' im girk'ә kkardayin (The would have read my book ... , pst.cond)

---

Western Armenian uses the imperfect of the verb preceded by the particle ''bidi'':

Western Armenian, therefore, has no explicit 'perfect' conditional the way Eastern Armenian does.

Imperative

The Imperative mood in both dialects consists of the second person forms (singular and plural):

The Eastern forms have additional spoken alternates: ''siri!, khosi!'' instead of ''sirir!, khosir!''; ''sirek'!, khosek'!'' instead of ''sirec'ek'!, khosec'ek'!''.

Western Armenian also has a first person jussive form, which is usually classed as an imperative form. It is identical to the 1st person plural present form:

''sirenk'!'' (Let's love!)

''khōsink'!'' (Let's speak!)

''gartank'!'' (Let's read!)

Other forms

Necessitative mood

Both dialects have what is known as the necessitative mood (also found in Turkish ). Both dialects have a past and a non-past necessitative.

Eastern Armenian forms its necessitative by adding particle ''piti'' before the optative forms: ''piti sirem'' (I should/must love), ''piti khosenk''' (we shoud/must speak); ''piti kardayin'' (they should have/must have read), etc.

Now note that the EA particle ''piti'' is orthographically identical to the WA particle ''bidi'', meaning that the EA necessitative forms are identical in form to the WA future indicative and conditional:

(WA) An bidi gartay kirk'ә. (He will read the book, fut.indic)

(WA) Anonk' bidi gartayin im kirk'ә. (They would read my book ... , cond.)

but:

(EA) Na girk'ә piti karda (He should/must read the book, np.necess)

(EA) Nrank' im girk'ә piti kardayin (The should have read my book, pst.necess)

---

Western Armenian forms its necessitative with the ''lu'' future participle plus the forms of ''әllal'' (to be):

Example (non-past jussive):

In yet another formation, the Western forms correspond to Eastern forms with a completely different function, this time the Eastern future indicative (and future perfect indicative (see below)), and the Western non-past and past necessitative:

(EA) Na girk'ә kardalu ē (He will read the book, fut.indic)

(EA) Nrank' im girk'ә kardalu ēin (They will have read my book, fut.perf.indic)

but:

(WA) An gartalu ē kirk'ә. (He should/must read the book, np.juss)

(WA) Anonk' gartalu ēin im kirk'ә. (They should have read my book, pst.juss)

Eastern "anterior" forms

The Eastern dialect has, due to how the tenses are constructed, anterior forms which correspond to the perfect aspect.

The present anterior (also called the Perfect ) is formed with the past participle in ''l'' plus the present form of ''linel'' (to be): ''sirel em'' (I have loved), ''khosel ē'' (he has spoken), ''kardac'al en'' (they have read), etc.

The past anterior ( Pluperfect ) is the l-past participle plus the imperfect forms of ''linel'': ''sirel em'' (I had loved), ''khosel ē'' (he had spoken), ''kardac'al en'' (they had read), etc.

The future anterior (future perfect) is the lu-future participle plus the imperfect of ''linel'': ''sirelu ēi'' (I will have loved), ''khoselu ēr'' (he will have spoken), ''kardalu ēin'' (they will have read), etc.

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Here are two tables, showing the full conjugation of each dialect's verb paradigms: Eastern , Western .

Irregular verbs for both dialects will be dealt with at a later date...

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Armenian Verbs