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Like the Greek Patriarchate , the Armenians suffered severely from intervention by the state in their internal affairs. Although there have been 115 pontificates since 1461 , there have only been 84 individual Patriarchs. Karapet II served five separate pontificates (1676-1679, 1680-1681, 1681-1684, 1686-1687 and 1688-1689). In 1896 Patriarch Matteos III Izmirlian was deposed and exiled to Jerusalem by Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II for boldly denouncing the 1896 massacre and was only permitted to return in 1908 when the Sultan himself was deposed. The national Constitution granted to Armenia ns (''Sahmanadrootiun'') by Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz in 1861 , which had been abrogated for nearly twenty years, was also restored.


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