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Arithmetic or '''arithmetics''' (from the Greek word ''ἀριθμός'' = number) in common usage is a branch of (or the forerunner of) Mathematics which records elementary properties of certain ''operations'' on Number s, though professional Mathematician s often treat ''arithmetic'' as a synonym for Number Theory . It is the oldest and simplest branch of mathematics, used widely by almost everyone from simple daily counting to more advanced Science and Business . HISTORY Arithmetic began thousands of years ago when the first person discovered 2+2 is equivalent to 1+3. It gained a great advance with the Numeral ization of the Null concept (e.g. the invention/discovery of the number zero). ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS The traditional arithmetic operations are Addition , Subtraction , Multiplication and Division , although more advanced operations (such as manipulations of Percentage s, Square Root , Exponentiation , and Logarithmic Functions ) are also sometimes included in this subject. Arithmetic is performed according to an Order Of Operations . Examples
Advanced Operations
NUMBER THEORY The term ''arithmetic'' is also used to refer to Number Theory . This includes the properties of integers related to Primality , Divisibility , and the Solution Of Equations By Integers , as well as modern research which is an outgrowth of this study. It is in this context that one runs across the Fundamental Theorem Of Arithmetic and Arithmetic Function s. ''A Course in Arithmetic'' by Serre reflects this usage, as do such phrases as ''first order arithmetic'' or ''arithmetical algebraic geometry''. ARITHMETIC IN EDUCATION Primary Education in mathematics often places a strong focus on arithmetic, as further studies in mathematics as well as Science benefit from an understanding of arithmetic. There are exceptions, such as New Math , which taught arithmetic indirectly using Set Theory . The arithmetic of Natural Number s, Integer s, Rational Number s (in the form of Vulgar Fraction s), and Real Number s (using the Decimal place-value system known as Algorism ) is typically studied by schoolchildren, who learn manual Algorithm s for arithmetic. However, in adult life, many people prefer to use tools such as Calculator s, Computer s, or the Abacus to perform the more complex arithmetical computations. SEE ALSO
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