(also '''Jogjakarta''' or '''Jogja''') is a
City and
Province on the island of
Java ,
Indonesia . It is the only
Province in
Indonesia that is still formally governed by a precolonial
Sultan ate, the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat. The city is known as a center of classical
Javanese fine art and culture such as
Batik , ballet, drama, music, poetry and puppet shows. It is also famous as a center for Indonesian higher education.
The official name of the Yogyakarta province is Special Region of Yogyakarta (
Indonesian : ''Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta'', or DIY). The city of Yogyakarta is the capital of the province.
Yogyakarta is located in south-central Java. It is surrounded by the province of
Central Java (Jawa Tengah) and the
Indian Ocean in the south. The city is located at . The population of DIY in 2003 was approximately 3,000,000.
The
Province of Yogyakarta has a total area of 3,185.80 sq kilometres. It is subdivided into four regencies (''kabupaten'') and one city (previously it was called ''kotamadya'', now it is called ''kota''), as follows:
- Kota Yogyakarta (32.5 sq kilometres)
- Kabupaten Sleman (574.82 sq kilometres)
- Kabupaten Bantul (506.86 sq kilometres)
- Kabupaten Gunung Kidul (1,485.36 sq kilometres)
- Kabupaten Kulon Progo (586.27 sq kilometres)
Yogyakarta has the second-smallest area of the provinces in Indonesia, after the Jakarta Capital Region .
However it has, with adjacent areas in Central Java, some of the most concentrated population densities
that is population per square kilometre of Java.
The
Yogyakarta Sultanate , formally the
Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, was formed in
1755 when the existing Sultanate of
Mataram was divided by the
Dutch East India Company (VOC) in two under the
Treaty Of Giyanti . This treaty states that the
Sultanate Of Mataram was to be divided into the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat with Yogyakarta as the capital and Mangkubumi who became Sultan
Hamengkubuwono I the sultan and the Sultanate of Surakarta Hadiningrat with
Surakarta as the capital and
Pakubuwono III who was the ruler of the Sultanate of Mataram as the sultan. The Sultan Hamengkubuwono I spent the next 37 years building the new capital, with the Kraton as the centrepiece and the court at Surakarta as the blueprint. By the time he died in 1792, his territory exceeded Surakarta's.
The ruler
Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (April 12, 1912 - 1988) held a degree from the Dutch
Leiden University , and held for a time the largely ceremonial position of Vice-President of Indonesia, in recognition of his status, as well as Minister of Finance and Minister of Defense.
In support of Indonesia declaring independence from the Dutch and Japanese occupation, in September 5, 1945,
Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX of Yogya and
Sri Paku Alam VIII in Yogya declared their palaces to be part of the Republic of Indonesia. In return for this unfailing support, a law was passed in 1950, in which Yogyakarta was granted the status of
Province Daerah Istimewa (Special Region Province), with special status in Indonesia that recognizes the power of the Sultan in contemporary domestic affairs.
Hence Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX was appointed as the governor for life. During the
Indonesian War Of Independence against the Dutch after
World War II (
1945 -
1950 ), the capital of the newly-declared
Indonesia n republic was temporarily moved to Yogyakarta when the Dutch reoccupied
Jakarta from January 1946 until August 1950.
The current ruler of Yogyakarta is his son, '' as saying, "but is it not possible for me to also be a democrat?"
{Link without Title} However, so many sides have a negative opinion about the position of Sultan in ruling DIY as a governor. First, it degrades him from being the holy, infallible and revered Sultan, as governor deals with politics and social matters that may not be all things for all people. Secondly, unconsciously it will revert back to the old system of feudalism when automatically a Sultan hold an administrative power in the system of republic (as a governor) without any election.
''See also
List Of Governors Of Yogyakarta ''
''See also
Yogyakarta Sultanate
At Yogyakarta's center is the ''
Kraton '', or Sultan's palace. Surrounding the kraton is a densely-populated residential neighborhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain; evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls and the ruined "Water Castle" (''tamansari''), built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer used by the sultan, the garden had been largely abandoned, and was used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and an effort to renew the neighborhood around the kraton has begun. The site is a developing tourist attraction.
While the city sprawls in all directions from the kraton, the core of the modern city is to the north, site of a few buildings with distinctive Dutch colonial-era architecture, and the contemporary commercial district.
Jalan Malioboro , with rows of sidewalk vendors and nearby market and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north, is a shopping district more frequented by locals.
At the southern end of Malioboro, on the east side is the large local market of Beringharjo, not far from
Fort Vredeburg a restored Dutch fort.
The city is divided into 14 districts (kecamatan).
1. Gondokusuman
2. Jetis
3. Tegalrejo
4. Umbulharjo
5. Kotagede
6. Mergangsan
7. Ngampilan
8. Danurejan
9. Kraton
10. Wirobrajan
11. Pakualaman
12. Mantrijeron
13. Gedongtengen
14. Gondomanan
Yogyakarta is known for its silver work, leather puppets used for shadow plays (
Wayang Kulit ), and a unique style of making
Batik dyed fabric. It is also known for its vivid contemporary art scene. Yogyakarta is also known for its
Gamelan music, including the unique style
Gamelan Yogyakarta , which developed in the courts.
Yogyakarta has signed a
Sister City agreement with
Kyoto ,
Japan , and a sister state agreement with
California ,
United States .
The site of several major universities, Yogyakarta is widely recognized as an educational city. The north of the province is home to
Gadjah Mada University , one of the oldest and most prestigious univerisities in Indonesia. Other famous universities in Yogyakarta are
Indonesian Institute Of The Arts - Yogyakarta ,
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta ,
Universitas Islam Indonesia ,
Universitas Sanata Dharma ,
Univesitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Yogyakarta ,
Univesitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta ,
Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta , and
Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana .
Yogyakarta's airport is
Adisucipto International Airport .
The city is located on one of the two major
Railway lines across Java between
Jakarta /
Bandung and
Surabaya . It has two passenger railway stations, Tugu is the major intercity station. The other is Lempuyangan.
The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major destination for inter-city buses to elsewhere on Java or
Bali , as well as taxis, andong, and becak.
Motorbike s are by far the most commonly-used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles.
There are several hospitals in Yogyakarta. The biggest ones are
Dr. Sardjito Hospital ,
Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta , and
Panti Rapih Hospital .
- Department of Tourism, Post and Telecommunication Regional Office For Yogyakarta Special Region. (1997) ''Guide To Yogyakarta''. Yogyakarta: Department of Tourism, Post and Telecommunication.
- Ricklefs, M.C. (2001) ''A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200'' (3rd ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 126-139, 269-271. IBN 0-8047-4480-7
