Information AboutWormhole |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT WORMHOLE | |
| space | |
| astronomy | |
| wormhole theory | |
| lorentzian manifolds | |
| black holes | |
| general relativity | |
| hypothetical objects | |
| time travel | |
| exotic matter | |
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In Physics , a wormhole is a hypothetical Topological feature of Spacetime that is essentially a "shortcut" through Space and Time . A wormhole has at least two mouths which are connected to a single throat. If the wormhole is '''traversable''', Matter can 'travel' from one mouth to the other by passing through the throat. The name "wormhole" comes from an analogy used to explain the phenomenon. If a worm is travelling over the skin of an Apple , then the worm could take a shortcut to the opposite side of the apple's skin by burrowing through its center, rather than travelling the entire distance around, just as a wormhole traveller could take a shortcut to the opposite side of the Universe through a hole in higher-dimensional space. DEFINITION There is a Compact region of Spacetime whose boundary is topologically trivial but whose interior is not Simply Connected . Formalizing this idea leads to definitions such as the following, taken from Matt Visser's ''Lorentzian Wormholes'': :If a Lorentzian spacetime contains a compact region Ω, and if the topology of Ω is of the form Ω ~ R x Σ, where Σ is a three-manifold of nontrivial topology, whose boundary has topology of the form dΣ ~ S&2, and if furthermore the hypersurfaces Σ are all spacelike, then the region Ω contains a quasipermanent intra-universe wormhole. Characterizing inter-universe wormholes is more difficult. For example, one can imagine a 'baby' universe connected to its 'parent' by a narrow 'umbilicus'. One might like to regard the umbilicus as the throat of a wormhole, but the spacetime is simply connected. WORMHOLE TYPES ''Intra-universe wormholes'' connect one location of a universe to another location of the same universe. A wormhole should be able to connect distant locations in the universe by bending spacetime, allowing travel between them that is faster than it would take light to make the journey through normal space. See the image above. ''Inter-universe wormholes'' connect one universe with another [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0102143 . This gives rise to the speculation that such wormholes could be used to travel from one wormholes'' and '' Euclidean wormholes''. Lorentzian wormholes are mainly studied in Semiclassical Gravity and Euclidean wormholes are studied in Particle Physics . ''Traversable wormholes'' are a special kind of Lorentzian wormholes which would allow a human to travel from one side of the wormhole to the other. Sergey Krasnikov tossed the term ''spacetime shortcut'' as a more general term for (traversable) wormholes and Propulsion Systems like the Alcubierre Drive and the Krasnikov Tube to indicate hyperfast interstellar travel. THEORETICAL BASIS It is unknown whether (Lorentzian) wormholes are possible or not within the framework of , it is impossible to say with any certainty whether wormholes are possible or not within that theoretical framework. TRAVERSABLE WORMHOLES Lorentzian traversable wormholes would allow travel from one part of the universe to another part of that same universe very quickly or would allow travel from one universe to another universe. Wormholes connect two points in Spacetime , which means that they would allow travel in time as well as in space. Wormholes and faster-than-light space travel Often there is confusion about the idea that wormholes allow superluminal ( Faster-than-light ) space travel. In fact there is no real superluminal travel involved. Assume that the wormhole connects two remote locations. While traveling through a wormhole, subluminal (slower-than-light) speeds can be used. The time in which the distance was traveled would appear faster than it would take light to make the journey through normal space. Wormholes and time travel A wormhole could allow Time Travel . This could be accomplished by accelerating one end of the wormhole relative to the other, and then sometime later bringing it back; Relativistic Time Dilation would result in less time having passed for the accelerated wormhole mouth compared with the stationary one, meaning that anything which entered the stationary wormhole mouth would exit the accelerated one at a point in time prior to its entry. The path through such a wormhole is called a Closed Timelike Curve , and a wormhole with this property is sometimes referred to as a "timehole." It is thought that it may not be possible to convert a wormhole into a time machine in this manner, however; some mathematical models indicate that a feedback loop of to resolve. Many physicists, including Stephen Hawking (see Hawking's Chronology Protection Conjecture ), believe that due to the problems a wormhole would theoretically create, including allowing Time Travel , that something fundamental in the laws of physics would prohibit them. However, this remains speculation, and the notion that nature would censor inconvenient objects has already failed in the case of the Cosmic Censorship Hypothesis . Schwarzschild wormholes Wormholes known as Schwarzschild wormholes or '''Einstein-Rosen bridges''' are bridges between areas of space that can be modelled as Vacuum Solution s to the Einstein Field Equations by sticking a model of a Black Hole and a model of a White Hole together. However, this type of wormhole is unstable enough to pinch off instantly as soon as it forms. While the equations of General Relativity suggest that a Schwarzschild wormhole could be stabilized by holding its "throat" open with material that has Negative Mass , it would still be impossible for a traveller to go through this type of wormhole because they can only go through an Event Horizon in one direction, and both ends of the hole have an event horizon. This leaves the traveller trapped in the middle of the wormhole. Before the stability problems of Schwarzschild wormholes were apparent, it was proposed that Quasar s were white holes forming the ends of wormholes of this type. WORMHOLE METRICS Theories of wormhole metrics describe the spacetime geometry of a Wormhole and serve as theoretical models for time travel. A simple example of a (traversable) wormhole metric is the following: : One type of non-traversable wormhole metric is the Schwarzschild Solution : : WORMHOLES IN FICTION From ]] from '' Stargate SG-1 '']] from the X Universe .]] Wormholes are also a popular feature of Science Fiction as they allow interstellar travel within human timescales. They are a centerpiece of Carl Sagan 's novel ''Contact'' , for which Kip Thorne advised Sagan on the possibilities of wormholes. The setting of the television series '''' is a space station, Deep Space Nine , located near the Bajoran Wormhole . This wormhole is unique in the Star Trek universe because of its stability. It provides passage to the distant Gamma Quadrant, opening a gate to starships that extends far beyond the reach normally attainable. It is also the source of a severe threat to the Alpha Quadrant from an empire called the Dominion . Wormholes are also the principal means of space travel in the '' Stargate '' movie and the spin-off television series, '' Stargate SG-1 '' and '' Stargate Atlantis ''. The central plot device of the programs is a transportation network consisting of the ring-shaped devices known as Stargates , which generate wormholes that allow one-way matter transmission and two-way EM radiation transmission (allowing two way communication) between gates when the correct spatial coordinates are "dialed". However, for some reason not fully explained the water-like event horizon breaks down the matter into energy for transport through the wormhole, organising it into its original state at the destination. This is presumably because in the Stargate movie and shows, only other forms of energy can travel through the wormholes, which would also be why EM energy can travel both ways: it doesn't have to be converted. In 2005 wormholes were used to support the plot of the television miniseries '' The Triangle ''. The television series '' Farscape '' features an American astronaut who accidentally gets shot through a wormhole and ends up in a distant part of the universe, and also features the use of wormholes to reach other universes (or "unrealized realities") and as Weapons Of Mass Destruction . In the FOX/Sci-Fi series '''' episode '' The Alternative Factor '' which premiered in 1967. In '''', Willard Decker recalls that "Voyager 6" (aka V'ger ) disappeared into what they used to call a " Black Hole ". At one time, black holes in science fiction were often incorrectly endowed with the traits of wormholes. This has for the most part disappeared as a black hole isn't really a hole in space but a dense mass and the visible vortex effect often associated with black holes is merely the accretion disk of visible matter being drawn toward it. Decker's line is most likely to inform that it was probably a wormhole that Voyager 6 entered. In 2000 , Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter co-wrote a science fiction novel, '' The Light Of Other Days '', which discusses the problems which arise when a wormhole is used for faster than light communication. A related method of faster-than-light travel that often arises in science fiction, especially military science fiction, is a "jump drive" that can propel a spacecraft between two fixed "jump points" connecting solar systems. Connecting solar systems in a network like this results in a fixed "terrain" with choke points that can be useful for constructing plots related to military campaigns. The Alderson points postulated by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle in ''Mote in God's Eye'' and related novels is an especially well thought out example. The development process is described by Niven in ''N-Space'', a volume of collected works. David Weber has also used the device in the Honorverse and other books such as those based upon the Starfire universe, and has described a 'history' of development and exploitation in several essays in collections of related short stories. The Commonwealth Saga by Peter F. Hamilton describes how wormhole technology could be used to explore, colonize and connect to other worlds without having to resort to traditional travel via starships. This technology is the basis of the formation of the titular Intersolar Commonwealth, and is used so extensively that it is possible to ride Train s between the planets of the Commonwealth. Richard Kelly 's science-fiction movie, Donnie Darko , also explores the possibility of the existence of wormholes in the universe. While in the original theatrical release, the relevance of wormholes to the plot is unclear, in the Director's Cut, the 'book' "The Philosophy of Time Travel" is presented in more depth. In this version, the wormhole is the path connecting the real universe, and the parallel universe, which in the movie lasts from the jet engine crashing into the Darko family home until Halloween when the actual jet loses its engine to the wormhole, at which point the parallel universe collapses. Lois McMaster Bujold uses wormholes as a major transportation system in the Miles Vorkosigan novels. Control over wormhole routes and jumps even become the basis for war. In the sci-fi horror film '' Event Horizon '', an advanced spaceship designed for Faster-than-light travel uses a projected beam of Gravitons to artificially create a wormhole, allowing the ship to traverse large distances instantaneously. The maiden flight does not go as planned, and the ship travels to a place outside the known universe (seemingly a version of Hell ), consequently bringing back the horrors of the visited place. In the novel ''Halo: First Strike'', the AI Cortana (as a narrator of a situation) mentions that a wormhole is the way to reach the higher dimension called "Slipspace." " Strange Days At Blake Holsey High ", a television series running from 2002-2006, focuses on the havoc caused by a wormhole present in the school itself. This wormhole was a by-product of experiments taking place in Pearadyne Laboratories, a company owned by Victor Pearson and actually located under the school. Strange things happen all the time at Blake Holsey High, and it is up to the science club to solve the mystery surrounding Pearadyne. In the on-line fictional collaborative worldbuilding project " Orion's Arm " wormholes are used for communication between the millions of colonies in the local part of the Milky way Galaxy. In an attempt to make the physics of the wormhole travel at least semi-plausible, large amounts of ANEC violating exotic energy are required to maintain the holes, which are never-the-less large objects which must be maintained on the outermost reaches of the planetary systems concerned. REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS
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