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Warmia (; and Masuria in northeastern Poland . It has also historically been known as '''Ermeland''' in English . Together with Masuria it forms the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship . To the west of Warmia is Pomesania ; to the south Chełmno Land , Sassinia , and Galindia (later called Masuria ); to the east Sambia ; and in the north the Vistula Bay . Warmia has been under the rule of various rulers over its history, most notably the Teutonic Knights , Poland, and the Kingdom Of Prussia . The history of the region is closely connected to that of the Archbishopric Of Warmia . The area is associated with the Old Prussian tribe of Warmians (a.k.a. Warms, Varms, Varmi, Warmians, Varmians, Latvian : Vārmieši) subdued by the Teutonic Knights. According to legends, the names may come from a chief called ''Warmo'' and his widow ''Erma''. HISTORY The first traces of human settlement in the region come from ca. 14-15,000 years ago. They are many traces of settlements made by the Lusatian Culture ( 13th - 5th Century BC ), including above-ground water housings and artificially created islands. In the early Middle Ages the area was inhabited by various Old Prussian tribes, such as the Pomesanians, Pogesanians, Warmians, Natangians, Bartians, Sambians, Nadrovians, Scalovians, Galindians, and Sassinians. Several times conquest attempts from Masovia were successfully repelled by Prussians and they only began to coordinate after the 12th Century when they were attacked by the Crusading Teutonic Order. Because of his inability to subdue the Prussians, Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to christianise the pagan Prussians in 1226 . He supplied the Teutonic Order and allow the usage of Chełmno Land as a base for the knights while they established secure borders between Masovia and the Prussians, with the assumption that conquered territories would be joined to Masovia. The Order waited until they received official authorisation by the empire, which Emperor Frederick II granted. Their actions were considered by some Poles violations of signed treaties, and the knights were accused of forging land grants. By the end of the 13th Century most of the Prussian region, including Warmia, was conquered by the Teutonic Order. The native Prussians were either killed off or reduced to the status of serfs and gradually Germanized . The Order received the reins of government from Frederick II in 1228 . The grant was confirmed by a Papal Bull from Pope Gregory IX in 1234 , although Poland never recognized the rights of the Order to rule Prussia. The Bishopric Of Warmia was one of four Diocese s created in 1242 by the Papal Legate William Of Modena . Between the 13th and 17th centuries Warmia as well as other parts of Prussia were colonised by Germans in the north and gave refuge to Lithuanians, Scots, Salzburgers and Poles in the south. The bishopric was exempt and was governed by a Prince-bishop , confirmed by Emperor Charles IV . The Bishops Of Warmia were usually Germans or Poles, although Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the later Pope Pius II , was an Italian bishop of the diocese. After the Battle Of Grunwald , Bishop Henry IV Vegelsang of Warmia surrendered to King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, and later with Bishop Henryk of Sambia gave homage to the Polish king at Marienburg ( Malbork ). After the Polish army moved out of Warmia, the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Heinrich V Von Plauen , accused the bishop of treachery and reconquered the region. {Link without Title} Warmia was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric Of Riga until 1512, when Prince-Bishop Lucas Watzenrode received exempt status, placing Warmia directly under the authority of the Pope. The Second Treaty of Toruń (Thorn) in 1466 removed Warmia from the control of the Teutonic Knights and placed it under the sovereignty of the King Of Poland as part of the province of Royal Prussia . This was confirmed in the Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski ( December 7 1512 ), which conceded to the king of Poland a limited influence in the election of bishops. After the Union Of Lublin in 1569 Warmia was directly included as part of the Polish Crown within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth .'' During the First Partition Of Poland in 1772 , Warmia was annexed by the Kingdom Of Prussia ; the property of the bishop was confiscated by the Prussian state. Ignacy Krasicki , the last Prince-bishop as well as a Polish writer, was nominated to the Archbishopric of Gniezno . The Prussian census in 1772 showed a total population of 96,547, including an urban population of 24,612 in 12 towns. 17,749 houses were listed and the biggest city was Braunsberg ( Braniewo ). From 1772-1945 Warmia was part of Lutheran East Prussia , with the exception that the people of Warmia remained largely Catholic . The population of northern Warmia spoke Standard German (as opposed to Low German used in the rest of East Prussia), while the south was mostly populated by Polish-speaking Warmiak s. Warmia became part of the German Empire in 1871 . In period, Poles in Warmia were subject to even harsher persecution by German authorities (see Nazi Crimes In Warmia ). Warmia returned to Poland in 1945 resulting from the Potsdam Conference following World War II . Most Ethnic Germans were Expelled from East Prussia to Germany , although a small Minority of Germans remains in contemporary Poland. The governments of East and West Germany accepted the incorporation of Warmia into Poland by treaties in 1950 , 1970 , and finally ''de jure'' in the prelude to the German Reunification in 1990 . Today Warmia is part of the administrative Warmian-Masurian Voivodship . 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