Wealth Elasticity Of Demand

DEFINITION

The wealth Elasticity of consumption quantity for some good will determine the size of the expenditure shift due to ''unexpected'' changes in net personal wealth, Ceteris Paribus . This is analogous to the definition of the Income Effect from the Income Elasticity Of Demand , or the Substitution Effect from the price elasticity. The measure of "wealth" is mostly taken to be total personal realizable wealth at market prices, liquid or not:

:Wealth = Cash balances + Treasury Bond s + Real Estate equity + Stock s + Other Asset s - Debt

Some economists say that bonds are simply a loan from the government and that they are not considered (on the aggregate) to be part of net wealth.
Generally, the wealth change is measured in Real terms.

It may seem obvious that an unanticipated windfall will lead to greater consumption and that a fiscal loss will have the opposite effect. However, when the stock markets crashed in April 2000 (wiping out $2.1 trillion in nominal investor wealth) U.S. household consumption did not drop substantially.

Some researchers have tried to resolve this difficulty by redefining wealth as the 'stable underlying value' of assets, which doesn't change with asset values, although this raises other questions of consumer Rational ity.

MACROECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

Most researchers calculate the wealth effect in Real terms, so a Deflation in Price Levels will increase personal wealth on average (because the total wealth in society is positive, the difference between saving and debt is tangible assets, such as land). The increase in private real wealth may give wise to a Wealth Effect of increased consumption. The macroeconomic effect of this on Employment is called the Pigou Effect , but whether or not this acts as a significant brake on a deflationary spiral is Controversial . Pigou's reasoning for a positive wealth elasticity was that richer people feel more secure in the future and hence save less from current income. (So wealth is not redistributed by the effect.)

The elasticity has important implications for (such as a bond paying coupons at 5%) will increase in Net Present Value as Interest Rate s fall. Since fixed-income bond-holders personal wealth (at market rates) has increased, this may stimulate expenditure in a wealth effect. Working the other way, Central Banks often need to guess the wealth elasticity for asset price changes that have already happened in order to adjust the Interest Rate . In particular, the extent to which House price rises effect the rest of the economy is a critical question.

WHY THE INCOME AND WEALTH ELASTICITIES ARE SEPARABLE

A naïve assumption (or first approximation) linking the wealth and income elasticities of demand is:

Income elasticity = Wealth elasticity --- Rate Of Investment Return .

However, this approach overlooks the fact that people Typically Treat income and Capital differently. ( Behavioural Economics hypothesises different " Mental Accounts " for income and Asset s, and points to empirical studies showing that the Marginal Propensity To Consume extra income is one, but is lower for windfall asset increases.)

Econometric research is ongoing to find good wealth elasticity Parameter s, especially in areas like House Price wealth effects. However, some patterns are widely believed to hold:

The Wealth Elasticity of the poor is much higher than the rich:

--- If a pauper wins the Lottery he'll tend to spend a large portion of the " Windfall " within a year.

--- If a Millionaire wins the lottery his consumption patterns change little.

The size of the wealth effect is based on perceptions of the ''permanence'' of the change in wealth.

--- portfolios and other Assets tend to have smaller affects on immediate consumption than predicted by the Lifetime-income Hypothesis (of Rational consumption averaging based on NPV income expectations).

--- Risk Aversion probably causes the wealth Elasticity of consumption to drop with asset Volatility . (I.e. if people think their investments can be worth much less today than tomorrow, they tend not to consume the new capital because their Utility curves tend to be Convex - they have a preference for averages.)

Other differences from the Income effect

If 'leisure time' is a Superior Good the income effect will partially cancel itself out, since people will work less as their hourly pay goes up. A change in net wealth doesn't require Economic Labour to produce, and has a different impact on the Labour Market .

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Wealth Elasticity Of Demand