style='border:outset 1.5pt'>
style='font-size:7.5pt'>Disease and Transmission
|
style='font-size:7.5pt'>Microbial Agent
|
style='font-size:7.5pt'>Sources of Agent in Water Supply
|
style='font-size:7.5pt'>General Symptoms
|
Amebiasis (hand-to-mouth)
|
Protozoan (Entamoeba
histolytic) (Cyst-like appearance)
|
Sewage, non-treated drinking
water, flies in water supply
|
Abdominal discomfort,
fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains
Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea
|
Campylobacteriosis
(oral-fecal)
|
|
Untreated water, sewage,
poor hygiene, crowded living conditions with inadequate sewage facilities
|
Watery diarrhea, vomiting,
occasional muscle cramps
|
Cholera (oral-fecal)
|
Bacterium (Vibrio
cholerae)
|
Untreated water, sewage,
poor hygiene, crowded living conditions with inadequate sewage facilities.
|
Diarrhea, abdominal
discomfort
|
Cryptosporidiosis (oral)
|
Protozoan (Cryptosporidium
parvum)
|
Collects on water filters
and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of
water.
|
Flu-like symptoms, watery
diarrhea , loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased
gas, stomach
|
Cyclosporiasis
|
Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora
cayetanensis)
|
Sewage, non-treated drinking
water
|
cramps, nausea, vomiting,
muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue
|
Giardiasis (oral-fecal)
(hand-to-mouth)
|
Protozoan (Giardia
lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite
|
Untreated water, poor
disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds
where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act
as a reservoir for Giardia.
|
Diarrhea, abdominal
discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains
|
Hepatitis A (oral-fecal)
|
Virus (Hepatitis A)
|
Raw sewage, untreated
drinking water, poor hygiene, ingestion of shellfish from sewage-flooded beds
|
Fever, chills, abdominal
discomfort, jaundice, urine dark
|
Salmonellosis (oral
transmission)
|
Bacterium (Salmonella
species)
|
Contaminated water,
shellfish, turtles, fish
|
Gastroenteritis, fever and
rapid blood-poisoning.
|
Shigellosis (oral-fecal)
|
Bacterium (Shigella
species)
|
Sludge, untreated
wastewater, groundwater contamination, poorly disinfected drinking water.
|
Fever, diarrhea, bloody
stools
|
Schistosomiasis (immersion)
|
Schistosoma
|
Contaminated fresh water
with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes
|
Rash or itchy skin. Fever,
chills, cough, and muscle aches
|
Typhoid Fever (oral-fecal)
|
Bacterium (Salmonella
typhi)
|
Raw sewage (carried and
excreted in feces by humans), water supplies with surface water source.
|
Fever, headache,
constipation, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal rash
|
Viral Gastroenteritis
(oral-fecal)
|
Viruses (includes
style='font-size:7.5pt'>Norwalk and
rotavirus family)
|
Sewage, contaminated water,
inadequately disinfected drinking water (mostly surface water sources).
|
Repeated vomiting and
diarrhea over 24-hour period, gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, fever.
|
