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A solid is a Phase of Matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and to changes of Volume .

At the microscopic scale, a solid has these properties:
  • The Atom s or Molecule s that comprise the solid are packed close together.

  • These constituent elements have fixed Position s in Space relative to each other. This accounts for the solid's rigidity.

  • --- If sufficient force is applied, either of these properties can be violated, causing permanent deformation.

  • Because any solid has some Thermal Energy , its atoms vibrate. However, this movement is very small and very rapid, and cannot be observed under ordinary conditions.


The branch of Physics that deals with solids is called Solid-state Physics , and is a type of Condensed Matter Physics . Materials Science is primarily concerned with properties of solids such as strength and Phase transformations. It overlaps strongly with solid state physics. Solid-state Chemistry overlaps both of these fields, but is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials.

The lightest known solid is man-made and is called Aerogel . The lightest aerogel produced has a density of 1.9 Mg per cm3 or 1.9 Kg /m3 (526.3 times lighter than water).


See also