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Racial segregation is characterized by forced separation of people of different Race s in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Segregation may be ''de jure'' ( Latin , meaning "by law")—mandated by law—or ''de facto'' (also Latin, meaning "in fact"); ''de facto'' segregation may exist even illegally. A ''de facto'' segregationist regime may be maintained by means ranging from Racial Discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to Vigilante violence such as Lynching s. Both South Africa in the '' Apartheid '' era and the United States —both during the Slavery era (through 1865) and after the 1876 end of the Reconstruction that followed the United States Civil War —passed laws requiring or permitting separation of the Race s in daily life. In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld, in '' Plessy Vs. Ferguson '' the right of U.S. State s and localities to mandate racial segregation. In 1948, President Harry S. Truman ordered the Desegregation of the U.S. military; in 1954 the Court, in '' Brown Vs. Board Of Education '', largely reversed ''Plessy''; over the next eleven years, a succession of further court decisions and federal laws would completely invalidate ''de jure'' racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S., although ''de facto'' segregation and discrimination have proven more resilient. ''De jure'' segregation in both South Africa and the U.S. came with ". OVERVIEW Even though many societies throughout history have practiced racial segregation, it was by no means universal, and some multiracial societies such as the Roman Empire were notable for their rejection of racial segregation. Most modern societies do not officially practice racial segregation, and officially frown upon racial discrimination. However, anxieties about racial, religious and cultural differences still find expression in other forms of political and social controversy, either as an official pretext for culturally accepted discrimination, or as a socially acceptable way to discuss cultural, religious and economic friction that results from racial discrimination. For example, Immigration and religious controversies often mask concerns about the culture or racial composition of the immigrants. Issues of race relations also appear in seemingly race-neutral disputes, over such issues as poverty, healthcare, taxation, religion, enforcement of a particular set of cultural norms, and even fashion. Racial segregation differs from racial discrimination in a number of ways. Discrimination ranges from individual actions, to socially enforced discriminatory behavior, to legally mandated differences in status between members of different races. Segregation has, typically, harshly reinforced discrimination: if people of different races live in separate neighborhoods, attend different schools, receive different social services, etc., then people of the favored races can be largely insulated from societal neglect of people of other races. NAZI GERMANY An example of miscegenation laws was the Nuremberg Laws enacted by the Nazis in Germany against the large German Jew ish community during the 1930s . The laws prohibited marriages between Jews (deemed as '' Untermensch en'' - "sub-humans") and German " Aryan s" (deemed the '' Herrenrasse '' - "master race"). Many interfaith and intermarried couples committed suicide when these laws came into effect. Under the General Government of occupied Poland in 1940 , the population was divided into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed strips in the cities, public transportation, and assigned
During the 1930s and 40s , Jews in Nazi-controlled states were forced to wear yellow ribbons or stars of David, and were, along with Romas (Gypsies) discriminated against by the racial laws. Jewish doctors and professors were not allowed to treat Aryan (effectively, Gentile ) patients or teach Aryan pupils, respectively. The Jews were also not allowed to use any public transportation, besides the ferry, and would only be able to shop from 3-5 in Jewish stores. After Kristallnacht ("The Night of Broken Glass"), the Jews were fined 1,000,000 Marks for damages done by the Nazi troops and SS members. Later, during World War II , Jews, Romas, Poles and Slavs were sent to the Concentration Camp s, solely on the basis of their race. USA , 1943]] After the Emancipation Proclamation abolished Slavery in the South , racial discrimination became regulated by the so-called Jim Crow Law s, which mandated strict segregation of the races. Though such laws were instituted shortly after fighting ended in many cases, they only became formalized after the end of Republican -enforced Reconstruction in the 1870s and 80s during a period known as the Nadir Of American Race Relations . This legalized segregation lasted up to the 1960s , primarily through the deep and extensive power of the Democratic Party . While the majority in 1896 '' Plessy '' overtly upheld only "separate but equal" facilities (specifically, transportation facilities), Justice John Marshall Harlan in his Dissent protested that the decision was an expression of White Supremacy ; he predicted that segregation would "stimulate aggressions … upon the admitted rights of colored citizens," "arouse race hate" and "perpetuate a feeling of distrust between {Link without Title} races." {Link without Title} In the post-Civil War South, Democrats used the race issue to solidify their hold on Southern politics, playing on White resentment of black political power. Democrats were the agents in passing segregation laws, as well as laws disenfranchising blacks (and sometimes poor whites) politically. White and Black People would sometimes be required to eat separately and use separate schools, public toilets, park benches, train and restaurant seating, etc. In some locales, in addition to segregated seating, it could be forbidden for stores or restaurants to serve different races under the same roof. Segregation was also pervasive in housing. State constitutions (for example, that of California ) had clauses giving local jurisdictions the right to regulate where members of certain races could live. White landowners often included Restrictive Covenant s in deeds through which they prevented blacks or Asian s from ever purchasing their property from any subsequent owner. In the 1948 case of '' Shelley V. Kraemer '', the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled that such covenants were unenforceable in a court of law. However, residential segregation patterns had already become established in most American cities, and have often persisted up to the present (see White Flight ). " Miscegenation " laws prohibited people of different races from marrying. As one of many examples of such state laws, Utah 's marriage law had an anti-miscegenation component that was passed in 1899 and repealed in 1963 . It prohibited marriage between a white and anyone considered a Negro, mulatto (half Negro), quadroon (one-quarter Negro), octoroon (one-eighth Negro), Mongolian , or member of the Malay race (presumably a Polynesian or Melanesian). No restrictions were placed on marriages between people that were not "white persons." (Utah Code, 40-1-2, C. L. 17, ยง2967 as amended by L. 39, C. 50; L. 41, Ch. 35.). In n, Moroccan -->. The 369th Infantry (formerly 15th New York National Guard) Regiment distinguished themselves, and were known as the " Harlem Hellfighters". [http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/hhf.htm World War II saw the first black military pilots in the U.S., the Tuskegee Airmen, 99th Fighter Squadron, and also saw the segregated 183rd Engineer Combat Battalion participate in the liberation of Jewish Survivors at Buchenwald [http://members.aol.com/asargordon/encountr.htm . During World War II , people of Japanese descent (whether citizens or not) were Excluded from the West Coast and placed in Internment Camp s, on the basis of their race; see Japanese American Internment . Pressure to end racial segregation in the Government grew among African American s and progressives after the end of World War II. On January 26 , 1948 President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 , ending segregation in the United States Armed Forces. Institutionalized racial segregation was ended as an official practice by the efforts of such . Not all racial segregation laws have been repealed in the United States, although Supreme Court rulings have rendered them unenforceable. For instance, the . However, in a different arena, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in February 2005 in ''Johnson v. California'' (125 S. Ct. 1141) that the California Department of Corrections' unwritten practice of racially segregating prisoners in its prison reception centers — which California claimed was for inmate safety (gangs in California, as throughout the U.S., usually organize on racial lines)— is to be subject to Strict Scrutiny , the highest level of constitutional review. Although the high court Remanded the case back to the lower courts, it is likely that their decision will have the impact of forcing California to alter its practice of segregating by race in its reception centers. Despite all of the legal changes of the past half-century, however, the United States remains a segregated society, with housing patterns, school enrollment, church membership, employment opportunities, and even college admissions all reflecting significant ''de facto'' segregation. Supporters of Affirmative Action argue that the persistence of such disparities reflects either racial discrimination or the persistence of its effects. According to the Civil Rights Project at '', December 19, 2005. p. 26. --> SOUTH AFRICA Apartheid was a system which existed in South Africa for over forty years, although the term itself had a history going back to the 1910s . It was formalized in the years following the victory of the National Party in the all-white national election of 1948 , increased in dominancy under the rule of Prime Minister Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd and remained law until 1990 . Examples of apartheid policy introduced are the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1951 , which made it illegal for marriage between races. Apartheid was abolished following a rapid change in public perception of racial segregation throughout the World , and an economic Boycott against South Africa which had crippled and threatened to destroy its economy. RHODESIA The British Colony of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe ), under Ian Smith , leader of the white minority government, declared unilateral independence in 1965. For the next 15 years, Rhodesia operated under white minority rule until international sanctions forced Smith to hold multiracial elections, after a brief period of British rule in 1979. Laws enforcing segregation had been around before 1965, although many institutions simply ignored them. One highly publicised legal battle occurred in 1960 involving the opening of a new Theatre that was to be open to all races, this incident was nicknamed "The Battle Of The Toilets" . ARAB WORLD After municipal elections in Bahrain in 2002 brought Islamist opposition party Al Wefaq Islamic Action to power in the capital Manama , its newly installed mayor, Murthader Bader called for the introduction of racial segregation with the removal from the city of all non-Bahraini South Asian inhabitants and for the creation of a new township to house them. |