| Pathological |
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Pathology (from Greek '' Pathos '', feeling, pain, suffering; and '' Logos '', study of; see also -ology ) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. Within Biology but also a branch of Medicine , it means specifically the study and diagnosis of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie Disease . Another name for pathology is '''laboratory medicine'''. Scope of pathology The primary goal of pathology is the study of the four main aspects of a disease:
Tools of pathology The techniques used most often in the study of the disease process and hence diagnosis are:
Branches of pathology Medicine To practice pathology in the U.S., the American Board of Pathology requires medical training (usually four years) followed by three to four years of post-graduate training in Pathology. Finally, a board certification examination is required. Other countries have very similar requirements. The American Board of Pathology recognizes the following primary specialties within Pathology: Primary certifications
Many candidates seek the combined certification in Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, also called General Pathology. Dentistry The American Board of Oral And Maxillofacial Pathology certifies Dentistry doctors, not medical doctors, to practice this sub-specialty of Pathology. Other
Related sciences
Other uses of "pathology" ''Pathological'' is used to describe a person's actions in such a way as to credit the action to a disease process, e.g. Pathological Purchasing or Pathological Consumption , pathological Narcissism , Pathological Liar , pathological Gambling , pathological Jealousy . ''Pathological'' is also used casually, to signify an abnormal state, e.g. a "pathological attitude" or a "pathological woman hater". ''Pathological'' is also used in mathematics, physics, and statistics to describe an exceptionally (or awkwardly, or inconveniently) atypical example or set of data, often one which does not abide by rules or succumb to treatment that other similar cases usually do: Computer Science uses this term in a slightly different sense with regard to the study of algorithms. Here, an Input (or set of inputs) is said to be pathological if it causes atypical behavior from the Algorithm , such as a violation of its average case complexity, or even its correctness. For example, Hash Table s generally have pathological inputs: sets of keys that collide on hash values. The term is often used pejoratively, as a way of dismissing such inputs as being specially designed to break a routine that is otherwise sound in practice. Forensic Engineers often use the term to describe the underlying causes of distress in structures or machinery in order to specify repairs. External links
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