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In the 18th Century culture of " Primitivism " the noble savage, uncorrupted by the influences of civilization was considered more worthy, more authentically noble than the contemporary product of civilized training. Although the phrase ''noble savage'' first appeared in Dryden 's '' The Conquest Of Granada '' (1672), the idealized picture of "nature's gentleman" was an aspect of 18th-century Sentimentalism , among other forces at work. The term "noble savage" expresses a Romantic Concept of humankind as unencumbered by Civilization ; the natural essence of the unfettered person. Since the concept embodies the idea that without the bounds of civilization, man is essentially good, the basis for the idea of the "noble savage" lies in the doctrine of the natural goodness of man, expounded in the first decade of the century by Shaftesbury , who urged a would-be author “to search for that simplicity of manners, and innocence of behaviour, which has been often known among mere savages; ere they were corrupted by our commerce” (''Advice to an Author'', Part III.iii). His counter to the doctrine of Original Sin , born amid the optimistic atmosphere of Renaissance Humanism , was taken up by his contemporary, the essayist Richard Steele , who attributed the corruption of contemporary manners to false education. The concept of the noble savage has particular associations with '' (1762), which has as its subtitle "''de l'Education'' ("or, Concerning Education") is :“Everything is good in leaving the hands of the creator of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man.” In the later 18th-century the published voyages of Captain James Cook seemed to open a glimpse into an unspoiled Edenic culture that still existed in the unspoiled and Un-Christianized South Sea s. By 1784 it was so much an accepted element in current discourse that Benjamin Franklin could mock some of its inconsistencies in '' Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America'' (1784). The novel '' Paul Et Virginie '' appeared in 1787. Chateaubriand 's sentimental romance '' Atala '' appeared in 1807. The concept appears in many further books of early 19th century. employed the idea extensively in his Wild West stories. Aldous Huxley provided a later example in his novel '' Brave New World '' (published in 1932). Modern denial In the 20th century, the concept of the "noble savage" came to be seen as unrealistic and condescending. Insofar as it was based on certain Stereotypes , it came to be considered a form of patronizing Racism , even when it replaced the previous stereotype of the bloodthirsty savage. It has been criticized by many, for example Roger Sandall , in academic, anthropological, sociological and religious fields. For instance, some Christians , especially those who believe in the doctrine of Original Sin , consider mankind to be universally degenerate and sinful at heart regardless of whatever people group or civilization they are associated with. (See a critique of the Huaorani people of Ecuador in the documentary Beyond The Gates Of Splendor and the associated film End Of The Spear .) Origins Around the 15th Century certain Europe an states began expanding overseas, initially in Africa, later in Asia and in The Americas . In general, they sought Mineral Resource s (such as Silver and Gold ), Land (for the cultivation of Export Crop s such as Rice and Sugar , and the cultivation of other foodstuffs to support Mining Communities ) and Labor (to work in mines and plantations). In some cases, colonizers killed the Indigenous People . In other cases, the people became incorporated into the expanding states to serve as labor. Although Europeans recognized these people to be Human Being s, they had no plans to treat them as equals Politically or Economically , and also began to speak of them as inferior socially and Psychologically . In part through this and similar processes, Europeans developed a notion of "the Primitive " and "the Savage " that legitimized Genocide and Ethnocide on the one hand, and European domination on the other. This discourse extended to people of Africa , Asia , and Oceania as European Colonialism , Neo-colonialism , and Imperialism expanded. The Myth of the "noble savage" may have served, in part, as an attempt to re-establish the value of indigenous lifestyles and delegitimatize imperial excesses - establishing exotic humans as Morally superior in order to counter-balance the perceived political and economic inferiorities. Attributes of the "noble savage" often included:
Literature The noble savage as protagonist or, more often, as companion to the protagonist has long been a popular type of literary character. Perhaps the most notable early example is the character Friday from Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe . Other examples inclide Dirk Peters from Edgar Allan Poe 's '' A Narrative Of Arthur Gordon Pym '', Chingachgook from James Fenimore Cooper 's ''' Leatherstocking Tales ''', Queequeg from Herman Melville 's ''' Moby-Dick ''', and Umslpoagaas from H. Rider Haggard 's ''' King Solomon's Mines '''. Tonto from the Lone Ranger radio and television programs is one of the best known examples from the 20th Century . Twentieth-century popular culture has also expressed its inherited views of the "noble savage" by placing them in Fantasy or Science Fiction settings. The mythic figures of " Tarzan " and " Conan The Barbarian ", both of them imagined as Caucasian s. The very meaning of "'' Barbarian ''" in contemporary popular culture has become sympathetically colored through similar fantasies. As sensitivity to racist stereotypes has increased, science fiction has often cast space aliens in the role of the noble savage. The characters of '' and Teal'c from '' Stargate SG-1 '' are two well known examples. Twentieth-century readers anachronistically recast as "noble savages" some literary creatures like Caliban in Shakespeare's '' The Tempest '' or Dr. Frankenstein's creature in Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' (1818) In , it was renamed ''Yagan of the Bibbulmun'' because the word "Savage" was considered Racist . See also References
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