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A lease or '''tenancy''' is an interest in personal or tenant) for a fixed period of time, and the lessee obtains exclusive possession of the property in return for paying the lessor a fixed or determinable Consideration . In Law , there are two types of property:
There are three separate levels of rights or interests affecting both forms of property. In descending order of importance they are:
The legal documents that transfer these rights are respectively: conveyance/transfer, lease/tenancy, and Bailment / Pledge for tangible personalty, Assignment s and License s for intangibles. Conceptual background Under normal circumstances, owners are free to do what they want with their property. In the case of personalty, the normal rule is that owners in possession cannot steal their own property, nor can they be prosecuted if they destroy it. Owners can, however, steal their property from another if they have already surrendered possession to that person. This reflects the power of the State to regulate the rights and duties of an owner and to impose liabilities should others suffer loss or be endangered by any use to which the property is put. But, in general terms, owners have considerable freedom of action under all legal systems, both national and international. By definition, owners also have the rights of both possession and control over their property, and they can transfer those subordinate rights to others. Real property There are different types of ownership for land but, in common law states, the most common form is the ''fee simple absolute''. An owner of the ''fee simple'' holds all the rights and privileges to that property and, subject to the laws, codes, rules and regulations of the local law, can sell or by contract or grant, permit another to have possession and control of the property through a lease or tenancy agreement. For this purpose, the owner is called the lessor or landlord, and the other person is called the lessee or tenant, and the rights to possess and control the land are exchanged for some consideration, usually a monthly Rent . Time should always be defined although, in the 1930s, the British government introduced infinite leases, only to remove the power to create these in the early 1990s. A lease may be:
Because ownership is retained by the lessor, he or she always has the better right to enforce all the contractual terms and conditions affecting the use of the land. Normally, the contract will be ''express'' (i.e. set out in full and, hopefully, plain language), but where a contract is silent or ambiguous, terms can be ''implied'' by a court where this would make commercial sense of the transaction between the parties. One important right that may or may not be allowed the lessee, is the ability to create a sublease or to assign the lease, i.e. to transfer control to a third party. Hence, the builder of an office block may create a lease of the whole in favour of a management company that then finds tenants for the individual units and gives them control. Tangible personal property An owner can allow another the use of a vehicle (such as a Car , a Truck or an Airliner ) or a Computer either for a fixed period of time or at will. This can be a simple leasing transaction, or it can be a transaction intended to allow the user the right to buy the item at some future time.
To clarify the concept, the owner of tangible movables has the power to keep possession and only to transfer control. This may be for:
Leasing is a common method by which Airlines acquire their Aircraft , usually from companies specialised in the field of Commercial Aircraft Sales And Leasing . Aircraft leasing transactions are typically divided into Finance Leasing and Operating Leasing . Real leases Whether it is better to lease or buy land will be determined by each state's legal and economic systems. In those countries where acquiring title is complicated, the state imposes high taxes on owners, transaction costs are high, and finance is difficult to obtain, leasing will be the norm. But, freely available credit at low interest rates with minimal tax disadvantages and low transaction costs will encourage land ownership. Whatever the system, most adult consumers have, at some point in their lives, been party to a real estate lease which can be as short as a week, as long as 999 years, or perpetual (only a few states permit ownership to be alienated indefinitely). For commercial property, whether there is a depreciation allowance depends on the local state taxation system. If a lease is created for a term of, say, ten years, the monthly or quarterly rent is a fixed cost during the term. The term of years may have an asset value for balance sheet purposes and, as the term expires, that value depreciates. However, the apportionment of relief as between business expense and depreciating asset is for each state to make (all that is certain is that the lessee cannot have a double allowance). Private property rental Rental, tenancy, and lease agreements are formal and informal contracts between an identified landlord and tenant giving rights to both parties, e.g. the tenant's right to occupy the accommodation for an agreed term and the landlord’s right to receive an agreed rent. If one of these elements is missing, only a tenancy at will or bare licence comes into being. In some legal systems, this has unfortunate consequences. When a formal tenancy is created, the law usually implies obligations for the lessor, e.g. that the property meets certain minimum standards of habitability. With a bare licence, some states do not imply any significant lessee protections A tenancy agreement can be made up of:
Commercial leasehold Benefits of commercial leasing For businesses, leasing property may have significant financial benefits:
Disadvantages There are some significant drawbacks:
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