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The unreliability of memory limits the certainty of knowledge about the past, while unpredictability of events yet to occur limits the certainty of knowledge about the future. Epistemology is the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge. Defining knowledge See Also: epistemology The definition of knowledge is still a live debate for philosophers. In order for there to be knowledge, according to most thinkers, ''at least'' three criteria must be fulfilled. A thought must be Justified , True , and Believed . These, however, are not sufficient, as Gettier Case examples demonstrate. There are a number of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick 's arguments for requirement that knowledge 'tracks the truth' and Simon Blackburn's additional requirement that we do not want to say that those who meet any of these conditions 'through a defect, flaw, or failure' have knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge needs to require that the believer's evidence is such that it logically necessitates the truth of the belief. Knowledge management See Also: knowledge management Knowledge management seeks to understand the way in which knowledge is used and traded within organisations and treats knowledge as self-referential and recursive. This recursion means that the definition of knowledge is in a state of flux. Knowledge management treats knowledge as a form of information which is impregnated with context based on experience. Information is data which causes a difference to an observer because of its observer-specific relevance. Data can be observed, but does not need to be. In this sense, knowledge consists of information augmented by Intentionality (or direction). This conception aligns with the DIKW model, which places data, information, knowledge and Wisdom into an increasingly useful pyramid. Situated knowledge Situated knowledge is knowledge specific to a particular situation. Imagine two very similar breeds of mushroom, which grow on either side of a mountain, one nutritious, one poisonous. Relying on knowledge from one side of an ecological boundary, after crossing to the other, may lead to starving rather than eating perfectly healthy food near at hand, or to poisoning oneself by mistake. Some methods of generating knowledge, such as Trial And Error , or learning from Experience , tend to create highly situational knowledge. One of the main benefits of the Scientific Method is that the theories it generates are much less situational than knowledge gained by other methods. Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions. Critics of Cultural Imperialism argue that the rise of a global Monoculture causes a loss of local knowledge. Sociology of knowledge Aspects of knowledge exhibit a social character. For instance, knowledge is a form of Social Capital . Sociology of knowledge examines the way in which Society and knowledge interact. Through experience, observation, and inference, individuals and cultures gain knowledge. The spread of this knowledge is examined by Diffusion . Diffusion Of Innovations theory explores the factors that lead people to become aware, try, and adopt new ideas and practices -- this can help to explain development of knowledge. Other definitions
There are numerous type of knowledge divided according to its functions and its carrier systems (for example, management knowledge, manager knowledge). See also
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