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India 7840398E 2074980Njpg
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Asia
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Southern Asia <br /> Indian Subcontinent
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20°00'N 77°00' E
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7th
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3,287,590
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1,269,34560
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9044
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956
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7,516
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4,67023
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:<br />2,912 km (1,809 miles)
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Kanchenjunga <br />8,598 m (28,209 ft)
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Kuttanad <br />&minus22 m (&minus72 ft)
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Ganges - Brahmaputra <br />
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Chilka Lake <br />
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The is extremely diverse, with landscape ranging from
Snow -capped
Mountain Range s to
Desert s,
Plain s, hills and
Plateau s.
India comprises most of the
Indian Subcontinent situated on the
Indian Plate , the northerly portion of the
Indo-Australian Plate . Having a
Coastline of over 7,000 km (4,300 miles), most of India lies on a
Peninsula in
Southern Asia that protrudes into the
Indian Ocean . India is bounded in the southwest by the
Arabian Sea and in the southeast by the
Bay Of Bengal .
The fertile
Indo-Gangetic Plain occupies most of
Northern , central and eastern India, while the
Deccan Plateau occupies most of
Southern India . To the west of the country is the
Thar Desert , which consists of a mix of rocky and sandy
Desert . India's east and northeastern border consists of the high
Himalaya n range. The highest point in India is disputed due to a territorial dispute with
Pakistan ; according to India's claim, the highest point (located in the disputed
Kashmir territory) is
K2 , at 8,611 m (28,251 feet). The highest point in undisputed Indian territory is
Kanchenjunga , at 8,598 m (28,208 feet). Climate ranges from
Equator ial in the far south, to
Tundra in the Himalayan
Altitude s.
India is bordered by
Pakistan , the
People's Republic Of China ,
Bangladesh ,
Myanmar ,
Nepal ,
Bhutan and
Afghanistan The Indian government considers the entire state of
Jammu And Kashmir to be a part of India. This state borders a part of
Afghanistan . A ceasefire sponsored by the
United Nations in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian- and Pakistani-held territory. As a result, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory..
Sri Lanka and the
Maldives are
Island Nation s to the south of India. Politically, India is divided into 28 states, six federally administered
Union Territories and a
National Capital Territory . The political divisions generally follow linguistic and ethnic boundaries rather than geographic transitions.
India lies to the north of the equator between 8 degree 4 minutes and 37 degree 6 minutes north latitude and 68 degrees 7 minutes and 97 degrees 25 minutes east longitude. It is the
Seventh-largest Country In The World , with a total land area of 3,287,263 km² (1,269,219 square miles). India measures 3,214 km (1,997 miles) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 miles) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 miles) and a coastline of 7,516.5 km (4,670.5 miles). The
Andaman And Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and
Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea are parts of India.
India is bounded on the southwest by the Arabian Sea and on the southeast by the Bay of Bengal. On the north, northeast, and northwest are the Himalayas.
Kanyakumari constitutes the southern tip of the Indian
Peninsula , which narrows before ending in the
Indian Ocean .
See Also: Extreme points of India
See Also: States and territories of India
India is divided into 28 states (which are further subdivided into
Districts ), six union territories and the
National Capital Territory Of Delhi . States have their own elected government, while Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is claimed by India but disputed by Pakistan and China, who administer parts of the territory. The state of Arunachal Pradesh is claimed by China but administered by India.
India is divided into seven geographic regions. They are
#The northern mountains including the
Himalaya s and the northeast mountain ranges.
#Indo-Gangetic plains
#Thar Desert
#Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau
#East Coast
#West Coast
#Bordering seas and islands
A great arc of mountains, composed of the
Himalaya ,
Hindu Kush , and
Patkai ranges, define the Indian subcontinent. These mountains were formed by the
Ongoing Tectonic Collision of the
Indian Plate with the
Eurasian Plate which started some 50 million years ago. These mountain ranges are home to some of the tallest mountains in the world and provide a natural barrier against the cold polar winds. They also facilitate the
Monsoon s that drive climate in India. The numerous rivers that originate in these mountains provide water to the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains. These mountains are recognised by
Biogeographers as the boundary between two of the earth's great ecozones; the
Temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia, and the
Tropical and
Subtropical Indomalaya ecozone that includes the Indian subcontinent and extend into
Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Historically, these ranges have served as barriers to invaders.
India has seven major mountain ranges having peaks of over 1,000 m (3,300 feet). The Himalayas are the only mountain ranges to have snow-capped peaks. These ranges are:
#
Aravalli
#
Eastern Ghats
#
Himalaya s
#
Patkai
#
Vindhya s
#
Sahyadri or
Western Ghats
#
Satpura s
The Himalaya mountain range is the world's highest mountain range. They form India's north-eastern border, separating it from the rest of Asia. The Himalayas are one of the world's youngest mountain ranges, and extend almost uninterrupted for a distance of 2,500 km (1,550 miles), covering an area of 500,000 km² (193,000 square miles).
The extend from the state of
Jammu And Kashmir in the west to the state of
Arunachal Pradesh in the east. These states along with
Himachal Pradesh ,
Uttaranchal , and
Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region. Some of the Himalayan peaks range over 7,000 m (23,000 feet) and the
Snow Line ranges between 6,000 m (19,600 feet) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m (9,850 feet) in Kashmir. Kanchenjunga, which lies in Sikkim, is the highest point in the country's territory (undisputed). Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year.
The , or lower Himalaya, consists of smaller hills towards the Indian side. Most of the rock formations are young and highly unstable, with
Landslide s being a regular phenomenon during the rainy season. Many of India's
Hill Station s are located on this range. The climate varies from sub tropical in the foothills to tundra at the higher elevations of these mountain ranges.
The mountains on India's eastern border with Myanmar are called as the '''-
Khasi -
Jaintia , and the
Lushai Hills . The Garo-Khasi range is in the Indian state of
Meghalaya . The climate ranges from
Temperate to
Alpine due to altitude.
Cherrapunji , which lies on the
Windward side of these hills, has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world, receiving the highest annual rainfall
Physical divisions .
The range runs across most of central India, covering a distance of 1,050 km (652 miles). The average elevation of these hills is 300 m (1,000 feet). They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created due to the weathering of the ancient Aravalli mountains. It geographically separates
Northern India from
Southern India. The western end of the range lies in eastern
Gujarat , near its border with the state of
Madhya Pradesh , and the range runs east and north nearly to the
Ganges River at
Mirzapur .
The is a range of
Hill s in central
India . It begins in eastern
Gujarat near the
Arabian Sea coast, then runs east through
Maharashtra ,
Madhya Pradesh and ends in the state of
Chhattisgarh . It extends for a distance of 900 km with many of its peaks rising above 1000 m (3,300 feet). It is angular in shape, with its vertex at
Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the
Tapti and
Narmada river. It runs parallel to the
Vindhya Range , which lies to the north, and these two east-west ranges divide the Indo-Gangetic plain of northern India from the Deccan Plateau lying in the south. The Narmada runs in the depression between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges, and drains the northern slope of the Satpura range, running west towards the Arabian Sea.
The is the oldest mountain range in India, running from northeast to southwest across
Rajasthan in western
India , extending approximately 500 km (310 miles). The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into
Haryana , ending near
Delhi . The highest peak is
Mount Abu , rising to 1,722 m (5,653 feet), lying near the southwestern extremity of the range, close to the border with
Gujarat . The city of
Ajmer with its lake lies on the southern slope of the range in Rajasthan. The Aravalli Range is the eroded stub of an ancient folded mountain system that was once snow-capped. The range rose in a
Precambrian event called the Aravalli-Delhi
Orogen . The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian
Craton , the
Marwar segment to the northwest of the range, and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast.
The or '''Sahyadri''' mountains run along the western edge of
India 's
Deccan Plateau, and separate the Deccan plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the
Arabian Sea . The range starts south of the
Tapti River near the border of
Gujarat and
Maharashtra , and runs approximately 1,600 km (1,000 miles) through the states of Maharashtra,
Goa ,
Karnataka ,
Kerala , and
Tamil Nadu , almost to the southern tip of the Indian peninsula and ends near
Swamithope in
Marunthuvazh Malai . The average elevation is around 1,000 m with the higher peaks occurring in the northern section of the range in Maharashtra. Two of the notable peaks lying in the western ghats are
Kalsubai 1,646 m (5,427 feet) and
Mahabaleshwar 1,438 m (4,710 feet).
The are a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of southern
India , the
Godavari ,
Mahanadi ,
Krishna , and
Kaveri . These mountain ranges extend from
West Bengal in the north, through
Orissa and
Andhra Pradesh to
Tamil Nadu in the south. They run parallel to the
Bay Of Bengal and are not as tall as the Western Ghats, though some of its peaks are over 1000 m in height.
The Eastern and Western Ghats meet at the
Nilgiri knot in Tamil Nadu. The
Anai Mudi in the
Cardamom Hills at 2,695 m (8,841 feet) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats. The Nilgiris are considered to be a part of the Western Ghats.
See Also: Indo-Gangetic plain
The are large
Floodplain s of the
Indus and the
Ganga -
Brahmaputra river systems. They run parallel to the Himalaya mountains, from
Jammu And Kashmir in the west to
Assam in the east, draining the states of
Punjab ,
Haryana , eastern
Rajasthan ,
Uttar Pradesh ,
Bihar ,
Jharkhand and
West Bengal . The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km² (270,000 mile²) and vary in width through their length by several hundred kilometres. Major rivers that form a part of this system are the Ganga (
Ganges ) and
Indus River along with their tributaries;
Beas ,
Yamuna ,
Gomti ,
Ravi ,
Chambal ,
Sutlej and
Chenab .
The Indo-Gangetic belt is the world's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted
Alluvium formed by the deposition of
Silt by the numerous rivers. The plains are flat and mostly treeless, making it conducive for
Irrigation through
Canal s. The area is also rich in
Ground Water sources.
The plains are one of the world's most
Intensely Farmed areas. Crops grown on the Indo-Gangetic Plain are primarily
Rice and
Wheat , grown in
Rotation . Other crops include
Maize ,
Sugarcane and
Cotton . Also known as the Great Plains, the Indo-Gangetic plains rank among the world's most densely populated areas.
See Also: Thar Desert
in Rajasthan is situated in the heart of the Thar Desert. The region is arid and dusty.]]
The (also known as the '''Great Indian Desert''') is a hot
Desert that forms a significant portion of western India. Spread over four states in
India –
Punjab ,
Haryana ,
Rajasthan , and
Gujarat it covers an area of 208,110 km² (80,350 mile²). The desert continues into
Pakistan as the
Cholistan Desert . Most of the Thar Desert is situated in
Rajasthan , covering 61% of its geographic area. Most of the desert is rocky, with a small part of the extreme west of the desert being sandy.
The origin of the Thar Desert is uncertain. Some geologists consider it to be 4,000 to 10,000 years old, whereas others state that
Aridity began in this region much earlier. The area is characterised by extreme temperatures of above 45 °
C (113 °
F ) in summer to below
Freezing in winters. Rainfall is precarious and erratic, ranging from below 120 mm (4.72 in) in the extreme west to 375 mm (14.75 in) eastward. The lack of rainfall is mainly due to the unique position of the desert with respect to the Aravalli range. The desert lies in the rain shadow area of the
Bay Of Bengal arm of the southwest monsoon. The parallel nature of the range to the Arabian Sea arm also means that the desert does not receive much rainfall.
The desert can be divided into two regions, the great Desert and the little desert. The great Desert extends northwards from the edge of the
Rann Of Kutch region of Gujarat. The little desert extends from the
River Luni between the towns of
Jodhpur and
Jaisalmer , up to the northern areas. The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy-loam in texture. The consistency and depth vary according to the topographical features. The low-lying loams are heavier and may have a hard pan of clay,
Calcium Carbonate or
Gypsum . Due to the low population density, the effect of the population on the environment is relatively less compared to the rest of India.
The Central Highlands are composed of three main plateaus – the
Malwa Plateau in the west, the
Deccan Plateau in the south, (covering most of the Indian peninsula); and the
Chota Nagpur Plateau in
Jharkhand towards the east.
The
Plateau is a large triangular plateau, bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats. The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km² (735,000 mile²). It is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m (1,000 to 2,000 feet)
Deccan Plateau .
The name ''Deccan'' comes from the
Sanskrit word ''dakshina'', which means "the south". The plateau slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular
River s such as the
Godavari , the
Krishna , the
Kaveri and the
Narmada . This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats. Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of
Deciduous broadleaf forest. Climate ranges from hot summers to mild winters.
The is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of
Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of
Orissa ,
Bihar , and
Chhattisgarh . The total area of Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately 65,000 km² (25,000 mile²). The Chota Nagpur Plateau is made up of three smaller plateaus, the Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and Kodarma plateaus. The Ranchi plateau is the largest of the plateaus, with an average elevation of 700 m (2,300 feet). Much of the plateau is forested, covered by the
Chota Nagpur Dry Deciduous Forest s. The plateau is famous for its vast reserves of ores and
Coal .
Besides the Great Indian peninsula, the
Kathiawar Peninsula in Gujarat is another large peninsula of India.
The is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north.
Deltas of many of India's rivers form a major portion of these plains. The
Mahanadi ,
Godavari ,
Kaveri and
Krishna rivers drain these plains. The region receives both the Northeast and Southwest monsoon rains with its annual rainfall averaging between 1,000 mm (40 in) and 3,000 mm (120 in). The width of the plains varies between 100 to 130 km (62 to 80 miles)
The Eastern Coastal Plain .
The plains are divided into seven regions: The Mahanadi delta; the southern Andhra Pradesh plain; the Krishna Godavari deltas; the Kanyakumari coast;
Coromandel Coast and sandy
Littoral .
The is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The strip begins in Gujarat in the north and extends across the states of
Maharashtra ,
Goa , Karnataka and Kerala. The plains are narrow, and range from 50 to 100 km (30 to 60 miles) in width.
Small rivers and numerous backwaters inundate the region. The rivers, which originate in the Western Ghats, are fast flowing and are mostly perennial. The fast flowing nature of the rivers results in the formation of
Estuaries rather than deltas. Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi, Narmada,
Mandovi and
Zuari .
The coast is divided into three regions. The northern region of Maharashtra and Goa is known as the
Konkan Coast , the central region of Karnataka is known as the and the southern coastline of Kerala is known as the
Malabar Coast . Vegetation in this region is mostly deciduous. The Malabar Coast has its own unique ecoregion known as the
Malabar Coast Moist Forests .
India has two major offshore island possessions: the
Lakshadweep islands and the
Andaman And Nicobar Islands . Both these island groups are administered by the Union government of India as
Union Territories .
The Lakshadweep islands lie 200 to 300 km (124 to 186 miles) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian Sea. It consists of twelve
Coral Atoll s, three
Coral Reef s, and five banks. Ten of these islands are inhabited.
The Andaman and Nicobar island chain lies in the Bay of Bengal near the Myanmar coast. It is located 950 km (590 miles) from
Kolkata (Calcutta) and 193 km (120 miles) from
Cape Negrais in Myanmar. The territory consists of two island groups, the
Andaman Islands and the
Nicobar Islands . The Andaman islands consist of 204 islands having a total length of 352 km (220 miles). The Nicobar Islands, which lie south of the Andamans, consists of twenty-two islands with a total area of 1,841 km² (710 mile²). The highest point is
Mount Thullier at 642 m (2,140 feet).
Indira Point , India's southernmost land point is situated in the Nicobar islands, and lies just 189 km (117 miles) from the Indonesian island of
Sumatra to the southeast.
Significant islands just off the Indian coast include
Diu , a former
Portuguese exclave;
Majuli , Asia's largest
Freshwater island;
Salcette Island , India's most populous island, on which
Mumbai (Bombay) city is located;
Elephanta in
Bombay Harbour ; and
Sriharikota Barrier Island in Andhra Pradesh.
See Also: Rivers of India
All major
Rivers of India originate from one of the three main
Watershed s. They are:
#The Himalaya and the
Karakoram ranges
#Vindhya and Satpura range in central India
#Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India
The Himalayan river networks are snow-fed and have a continuous flow throughout the year. The other two networks are dependant on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season.
Twelve of India's rivers are classified as major, with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km² (976,000 mile²).
, a tributary of the
Brahmaputra in northern
West Bengal .]]
Himalayan rivers or the northern rivers that flow westward into Pakistan are the
Indus ,
Beas ,
Chenab ,
Ravi ,
Sutlej , and
Jhelum .
The
Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghana System has the largest catchment area of 1,100,000 km² (424,700 mile²). The river Ganga originates at the
Gangotri Glacier in
Uttaranchal . It flows in a south easterly direction, draining into
Bangladesh . The
Yamuna and
Gomti rivers also arise in the Western Himalayas and join the Ganga river in the plains. The Brahmaputra, another tributary of the Ganga originates in
Tibet and enters India in the far eastern state of
Arunachal Pradesh . It then proceeds westwards, unifying with the Ganga in Bangladesh.
in central India.]]
The
Chambal , another tributary of the Ganga originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward flowing rivers from this watershed are the
Narmada (also called Nerbudda) and
Tapti (also spelt Tapi) rivers which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat. The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10% of the total outflow.
The Western Ghats are the source of all
Deccan rivers. Major rivers in the Deccan include the
Mahanadi ,
Godavari ,
Krishna , and
Kaveri River (also spelt Cauvery), all draining into the
Bay Of Bengal . These rivers constitute 20% of India's total outflow.
Major gulfs include the
Gulf Of Cambay ,
Gulf Of Kutch and the
Gulf Of Mannar . Straits include the
Palk Strait which separates India from Sri Lanka and the
Ten Degree Channel , separating the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands and the Eight Degree Channel separating the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from Minicoy Island towards the south. Important capes include the
Cape Comorin , the southern tip of mainland India,
Indira Point , the southernmost location of India,
Rama's Bridge and
Point Calimere .
Smaller seas include the
Laccadive Sea and the
Andaman Sea .
There are four
Coral Reef s in India and are located in; the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Gulf Of Mannar , Lakshadweep and
Gulf Of Kutch .
Important lakes include
Chilka Lake , the country's largest salt-water lake in Orissa;
Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh;
Loktak Lake in
Manipur ,
Dal Lake in Kashmir,
Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan, and the
Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala.
India's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid; from ones in the
Ladakh region in the state of
Jammu And Kashmir to the ones in the wet and humid climate of peninsula India. Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to India's river networks. The Indian government has identified a total of 22 wetlands for conservation. Among the protected wetlands are the tropical mangrove forests in peninsular India and the salt mudflats in western India.
Mangrove forests occur all along the Indian coastline, in sheltered estuaries, creeks, backwaters, salt marshes and mud flats. The mangrove area covers a total of 6,740 km² (2,600 mile²) which comprises 7% of the world's total mangrove cover. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands; the
Sundarbans ;
Gulf Of Kutch ; deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna; and parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala have large mangrove covers.
Most of the identified wetlands adjoin or are parts of sanctuaries, national parks and are thus protected.
See Also: Sundarbans
The
Delta is the largest
Mangrove forest in the world. It lies at the mouth of the
Ganges and is spread across areas of
Bangladesh and
West Bengal ,
India . The Bangladeshi and Indian portions of the jungle are listed in the
UNESCO World Heritage list separately as the Sundarbans and
Sundarbans National Park respectively, though they are parts of the same forest. The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of
Tidal waterways,
Mudflat s and small
Island s of salt-tolerant mangrove forests, and presents an excellent example of ongoing
Ecological processes.
The area is known for its wide range of fauna. The most famous among these is the
Bengal Tiger , but numerous species of
Bird s, spotted
Deer ,
Crocodile s and
Snake s also inhabit it. It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area.
See Also: Rann of Kutch
The is a
Marsh y region located in the Gujarat state of India, which borders the
Sindh region of Pakistan. The name ''Rann'' comes from the
Hindi word ''ran'' meaning "salt marsh." It occupies a total area of 27,900 km² (10,800 mile²)
Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh .
The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea. Geologic forces, most likely by earthquakes, resulted in the damming up of the region, turning it into a large salt-water
Lagoon . This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh. During the monsoons, the area turns into a shallow marsh, often flooding to knee-depth height. After the monsoons, the region turns dry and becomes parched.
See Also: Climate of India
India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the
Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from
Central Asia . This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes. The Thar Desert is responsible for attracting the moisture laden monsoon winds that provide most of India's rainfall.
It is difficult to generalise India's climate. India's huge size sees climatic conditions in Kashmir having little relation to that in the extreme south. In addition to this, the varied topography of the land sees many regions having their own
Microclimate s. Climate in India ranges from
Tropical in the south to a temperate climate in the north. Parts of India in the Himalayas have a
Polar Climate .
Meteorologists divide the year into four main seasons for most of the country: monsoon, summer, winter and withdrawal of the monsoons. Parts of India that lie in the Himalayan region see five seasons: spring, summer, monsoons, autumn and winter. Sustained snowfalls occur only in the elevated sections.
Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India. Temperatures exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during the day. The coastal regions exceed 30 °C (86 °F) coupled with high levels of
Humidity . In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 °C (113 °F).
Summer is followed by the southwest
Monsoon rains that provide most of India with its rainfall. The rain-bearing clouds are attracted to the low-pressure system created by the Thar Desert. The official date for the arrival of the monsoon is
1 June , when the monsoon crosses the Kerala coast. The southwest monsoon splits into two arms, the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm. The Bay of Bengal arm moves north-wards crossing northeast India in early June. It then progresses eastwards, crossing Delhi by
June 29 . The Arabian Sea arm moves north-wards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. By early July, most of India receives rain from the monsoons.
The monsoons start retreating by August from northern India and by October from Kerala. This short period after the retreat is known as the and is characterised by still weather. By November, winter starts setting in the northern areas.
Winters start in November in northern India and late December in southern India. Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights. Further north the temperature is cooler. Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing. Most of northern India is plagued by
Fog during this season.
The highest temperature recoded in India was 50.6 °C (123.08 °F) in
Alwar in 1955. The lowest was −45 °C (−49 °F) in Kashmir. Recent claims of temperatures touching 55 °C (131 °F) in Orissa have been met with some scepticism by the
Indian Meteorological Department , largely on the method of recording of such data.
See Also: Climatic Regions of India
See Also: Geology of India
India has a varied geology spanning the entire spectrum of the geological time period. India's geological features are classified based on their era of formation.
The Pre-
Cambrian period formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states. A small part of this period is spread over western and central India.
The
Paleozoic Era formations from the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
The
Mesozoic Era
Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan. Geologists believe that the Deccan Traps were the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity. The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture. The Carboniferous system, Permian System, Triassic and Jurassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas. The Jurassic system is also seen in Rajasthan.
Tertiary Period imprints are seen in parts of Manipur, Nagaland, parts of Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt. The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Gondowana system is also seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras. The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam. Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and in Assam.
The
Pleistocene system is found over central India. It is rich in minerals such as lignite, iron ore, manganese and aluminium. The Andaman and Nicobar Island groups are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes.
The Himalayas are a result of the convergence and deformation of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian Plates. Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year.
India is prone to several
Natural Disasters , responsible for huge losses in life and property. Natural disasters in India include droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe cyclones; and earthquakes.
Flood s are the most common natural disaster in India. During the monsoon season, heavy rainfall may cause rivers to distend their banks, often flooding the surrounding areas. The Brahmaputra River is prone to perennial flooding during the monsoon season. Floods are responsible for a number of deaths and property loss in many parts of India. With the exception of a few states, almost all of India is prone to flooding.
Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons results in water deficiency in the region causing extensive crop losses. Drought prone regions include south Maharashtra, north Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat and Rajasthan. In the past, failure of monsoons has led to famines causing great damage.
Tectonic plates beneath the earth's surface are responsible for yearly earthquakes along the Himalayan belt and in northeast India. This region is classified as a Zone V, indicating that it is a very high-risk area. Parts of western India, around the
Kutch region in Gujarat and
Koyna in Maharashtra, are classified as a Zone IV region (high risk). Other areas have a moderate to low risk chance of an earthquake occurring.
Cyclones are another natural disaster, affecting thousands living in the coastal regions. Cyclones are severe and bring with them heavy rains that cut off supplies and relief to the affected areas. On
2004-12-26 , a
Tsunami caused by the
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake struck the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and India's east coast resulting in the loss of over ten thousand individuals. Until then India was thought to have negligible activity related to tsunamis, though there is historical anecdotal evidence of its occurrence in the past.
India has one volcano which last erupted in May 2005. There is also a
Dormant Volcano called the
Narcondum and a
Mud Volcano at
Baratang . All these volcanoes lie in the
Andaman Islands .
Landslide s are common in the Lower Himalaya owing to labile rock formations due to the young age of the hills. Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low intensity landslides.
Avalanche s occur in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim.
During the summer months, dust storms cause immense property damage in northern India. These storms bring with it large amounts of dust from arid regions.
Hailstones are common in parts of India, and cause severe damage to the standing crops.
India is particularly rich in a variety of natural resources. Along with 56% arable land, it has significant sources of
Coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world),
Iron ore,
Manganese ,
Mica ,
Bauxite ,
Titanium ore,
Chromite ,
Natural Gas ,
Diamond s,
Petroleum ,
Limestone ,
Thorium (world's largest along
Kerala 's shores).
Petroleum is found off the coast of Maharashtra, Gujarat and in Assam, but meets only 40% of India's demand. Increasing amounts of natural gas are being discovering regularly especially off the coast of Andhra Pradesh.
Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh and
Gold in the
Kolar Gold Fields in Karnataka.
India is a party to several International agreements related to environment and climate, the most prominent among them are:
