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In Political Geography , an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory, and an '''exclave''' is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually continuous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but the two are not synonymous. (In medicine, an ''exclave'' is a detached part of an organ, as of the pancreas, thyroid, or other gland.) The word ''enclave'' crept into the Jargon of Diplomacy rather late in English , in 1868, coming from French , the '' Lingua Franca '' of Diplomacy , with a sense inherited from late Latin ''inclavatus'' meaning 'shut in, locked up" (with a key, late Latin ''clavis''). The word ''exclave'' is a logical extension created three decades later. Although the meanings of both words are close, an exclave may not necessarily be an enclave. For example, and Poland ; it also borders the Baltic Sea . On the other hand, the Spanish exclave of Llívia is an enclave in France . Enclaves may be created for a variety of Historical , Political or Geographical reasons. Some areas have been left as enclaves simply due to changes in the course of a river. Since living in an enclave can be very inconvenient and many agreements have to be found by both countries over mail addresses, power supply or passage rights, enclaves tend to be eliminated and many cases that existed before have now been removed. In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments. In English Ecclesiastic History , subnational enclaves were known as '''peculiars''' (see also Royal Peculiar ). Many exclaves today have an Independence Movement , especially if the exclave is far away from the mainland. True enclaves This refers to those territories where a country is sovereign, but which cannot be reached without entering another country. The best-known example was West Berlin , before the reunification of Germany , which was ''de facto'' a West German exclave within East Germany , and thus an East German enclave (many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken , were in turn separated from the main one, some by only a few meters). ''De jure'' all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription. Most of the enclaves now existing are to be found in Asia, with a handful in other continents. See List Of Enclaves And Exclaves . The life in such areas varies greatly from one to another. Whereas in modern times European enclaves are usually legally well defined and their population is often free to move from one country to another, Asian enclaves often result from disagreement over border treaties. This causes their inhabitants to be at worst enclosed inside, at best seriously impaired in their usual life. Enclaved countries (shown in green) is completely surrounded by South Africa .]] Some enclaves are countries in their own right, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not Exclave s. Three such sovereign countries exist:
See also List Of Countries That Border Only One Other Country . True exclaves See List Of Enclaves And Exclaves . "Practical" enclaves and exclaves Some territories, while not geographically detached from their motherland, are more easily reached by entering a foreign country, because of their location in a hilly area, or because the only road available enters that foreign place before coming back to the mother country. These territories may be called "practical exclaves," "pene-exclaves" or "quasi-exclaves" and can be found along many borders, particularly those that are not heavily defended. They will only be attached to the motherland via an extremely small or thin slice of land. Subnational enclaves and exclaves Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, due to historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to a division while being attached to another one. For numerous examples, see List Of Enclaves And Exclaves . Ethnic enclaves Ethnic enclaves are communities of an ethnic group inside an area where another ethnic group predominates. Jewish ghettos and Shtetl s, Barrio s and Chinatown s are examples. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system. Extraterritoriality Embassies and military bases are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i.e., the laws of the host nation the embassy is in do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host coutry is defined as Extraterritoriality . Areas of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves as they are still part of the host country. In addition to embassies some other areas have extraterritoriality. Examples of this include:
Land ceded to a foreign country Some areas of land in a country are owned by another country and in some cases it has special privileges, such as being exempt from taxes. These lands are not enclaves and do not have extraterritoriality. Examples of this include:
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