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The Covenanters, a national Presbyterian movement, governed Scotland from 1639-51, during the civil Wars Of The Three Kingdoms . They supported the English Parliamentarians in the First English Civil War in return for the English Long Parliament agreeing to the Solemn League And Covenant , establishing Presbyterianism as state religion. However, after the English Parliament's victory, they feared being sidelined - especially by the more radical " Independent " faction that had a strong following in the New Model Army both in the rank and file and among the Grandee s like Oliver Cromwell .

As a result, some of their General Assembly members signed a secret treaty with Charles I in 1647 , known as ''The Engagement'' which promised that Charles would support the establishment of Presbyterianism , in England for a period of three years, in return for a military alliance with the Covenanters. Not all Covenanters agreed with The Engagement and a large faction known as the Kirk Party , strongly influenced by Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess Of Argyll were opposed, because King Charles refused to take the Covenant personally and they feared he would not honour the agreeement if he were restored to power. However the faction which supported The Engagement, known as ''The Engagers'', outmaneuvered the Kirk party and organised an expeditionary army. Neither of the more experienced Scottish Generals, Lord Leven or David Leslie , were willing to lead the army as they sided with Argyll, so the command was given to the less experienced Duke Of Hamilton .

The army was sent to England to try and enforce this deal, but were routed by Cromwell at the Battle Of Preston in 1648 and Charles I was executed in 1649. This defeat discredited the Engager party. The more radical Covenanters, in the Kirk party, insisted that any future deal with the King or other would have to include the public endorsement of their demands and not the secret promise of concessions in the future. Charles II agreed to their demands in the Treaty Of Breda (1650) , but his defeat at the Battle of Worcester 1651 at the hands of Oliver Cromwell negated any agreements he had made with the Covenanters. Later he averred that 'Presbyterianism is no religion for a gentleman'.


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