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Debt bondage or '''bonded labor''' is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods. It is either a kind of Indenture or Truck System , and is technically a form of Unfree Labor . Historically, in the USA, it is also sometimes called '''peonage'''. (Note, however, that the word ''' Peon ''' has broader implications and usage in Latin America .) Where children have to work due to debt bondage, this is considered a Worst Form Of Child Labor .


HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO BONDED LABOR


Prior to the Early Modern Age , Feudal and Serfdom systems were the predominant political and economic systems in Europe . These systems were based on the holding of all land in Fief or Fee , and the resulting relation of lord to vassal, and was characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. Many historians have argued that this system was also established in some Latin American countries, following European settlement.

A modernization of the feudal system was "peonage", where debtors were bound in servitude to their creditors until their debts were paid. Although peons — from a technical point of view — are only obliged to a creditor monetarily, from a practical perspective, the resultant relationship of a peon to the creditor is destructive of basic personal autonomy within the society.


HISTORICAL PEONAGE


Peonage is a system where laborers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid in full. Those bound by such a system are known, in the US, as peons.

Employers may force laborers to buy from employer-owned stores at inflated prices in order to keep them in debt. This method is an unjust variation of the Truck System (or company store system), in which workers are exploited by being paid only in insufficient amounts of goods and/or services. In these circumstances, peonage is a form of Unfree Labor .

Such systems -- just and unjust -- have existed in many places at many times throughout history.


Historical examples


  • In Colonial America, some settlers used indentured service to obtain passage or an initial settlement, then continued working independently after completing their bonded labor.


  • The American South - Such a system was often used in the southern United States after the American Civil War where African-American and poor white farmers, known as Sharecropper s, were often forced to purchase seed and supplies from the owner of the land they farmed and pay the owner in a share of the crop.


  • In Peru a peonage system existed from the 1500s until Land Reform in the 1950s . One estate in Peru that existed from the late 1500s until the end of peonage had up to 1,700 peons employed and boasted its own jail. Peons were expected to work a minimum of three days a week for their landlord and more if necessary to complete assigned work. Workers were paid a symbolic 2 cents per year. Workers were unable to travel outside of their assigned lands without permission and were not allowed to organize any independent community activity.



MODERN VIEWS


According to Anti-Slavery International , "A person enters debt bondage when their labor is demanded as a means of repayment of a loan, or of money given in advance. Usually, people are tricked or trapped into working for no pay or very little pay (in return for such a loan), in conditions which violate their human rights. Invariably, the value of the work done by a bonded laborer is greater that the original sum of money borrowed or advanced."


At international law


Debt bondage has been defined by the United Nations as a form of "modern day slavery" {Link without Title} and is prohibited by international law. It persists nonetheless especially in developing nations, which have few mechanisms for credit security or bankruptcy, and where fewer people hold formal title to land or possessions. According to some economists, for example Hernando De Soto , this is a major barrier to development in those countries - entrepreneurs do not dare take risks and cannot get credit because they hold no collateral and may burden families for generations to come.

Where children are forced to work because of debt bondage of the family, this is considered not only Child Labor , but a ''worst form of child labor'' in terms of the Worst Forms Of Child Labour Convention, 1999 of the International Labour Organization .

Despite the UN prohibition, Anti-Slavery International estimates that "between 10 and 20 million people are being subjected to debt bondage today."


Modern example: prostitution


News media in western Europe regularly carry reports about one particular kind of debt bondage: women from Eastern Europe who are forced to work in Prostitution as a way to pay off the "debt" they acquired when they were illegally brought over the border. This form of debt bondage also takes place in other parts of the world. See article on the Trafficking In Human Beings .


Marxist analysis


According to Marxist economists, debt bondage is characteristic of Feudal economies, where families are considered the responsible unit for financial relationships, and where heirs continue to owe parents' debts upon their deaths. Fully capitalist economies are characterized by the individual taking all responsibility, and such mechanisms as bankruptcy and death taxes reducing creditors' rights (while increasing the power of the state). Heirs are freed from the creditor, but at the cost of a drastically increased power accruing to the state itself.

Debt bondage is often a form of disguised Slavery in which the subject is not legally owned, but is instead bound by a Contract to perform labor to work off a Debt , under terms that make it impossible to completely retire the debt and thereby escape from the contract.


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