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:\mathbf{J} = \sigma \mathbf{E}. It is also possible to have materials in which the conductivity is Anisotropic , in which case σ is a 3×3 Matrix (or more technically a rank-2 Tensor ) which is generally Symmetric .

Conductivity is the Reciprocal ( Inverse ) of Electrical Resistivity , and has the SI units of Siemens per Metre (S·m-1). It is commonly represented by the Greek Letter σ , but κ or γ are also occasionally used.


CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS BY CONDUCTIVITY


  • A Conductor such as a Metal has high conductivity.

  • An Insulator like Glass or a Vacuum has low conductivity.

  • The conductivity of a Semiconductor is generally intermediate, but varies widely under different conditions, such as exposure of the material to electric fields or certain frequencies of Light .



SOME TYPICAL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES



COMPLEX CONDUCTIVITY

To analyse the conductivity of materials exposed to alternating electric fields, it is necessary to treat conductivity as a Complex Number (or as a matrix of complex numbers, in the case of anisotropic materials mentioned above) called the ''admittivity''. This method is used in applications such as Electrical Impedance Tomography , a type of industrial and Medical Imaging . Admittivity is the sum of a real component called the conductivity and an imaginary component called the susceptivity. {Link without Title}


SEE ALSO