Blood Diseases

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Blood Diseases

Hematology (BE: '''haematology''') is the branch of Medicine that is concerned with Blood , the blood-forming organs and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of Etiology , Diagnosis , Treatment , Prognosis , and Prevention of blood diseases. Medical specialists in this domain are called Hematologist s.

Blood diseases affect the production of Blood and its components, such as Blood Cells , Hemoglobin , Blood Proteins , the mechanism of Coagulation , etc.

HEMATOLOGY AS BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE

Blood

--- Haemopoiesis

--- Venepuncture

--- Blood Tests

--- Cord Blood

Red Blood Cell s

--- Erythropoiesis

--- Erythropoietin

--- Iron Metabolism

--- Hemoglobin

--- Glycolysis

--- Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Reticuloendothelial System

--- Bone Marrow

--- Spleen

--- Liver

Lymphatic System

Blood Transfusion

--- Blood Bank

--- Blood Donor s

--- Blood Groups

Haemostasis

--- Coagulation

--- Vitamin K

Complement System

--- Immunoglobulins

CLASSIFICATION OF HEMATOLOGY DISEASES

Hemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of the Hemoglobin molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis)

--- Sickle-cell Disease

--- Thalassemia

--- Methemoglobinemia

Anemia s (lack of Red Blood Cells or hemoglobin)

--- Iron Deficiency Anemia

--- Megaloblastic Anemia

-- Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency

- Pernicious Anemia

-- Folate deficiency

--- Hemolytic Anemias (destruction of Red Blood Cells )

--Genetic disorders of RBC membrane

- Hereditary Spherocytosis

- Hereditary Elliptocytosis

--Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism

- Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)

- Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

--Immune mediated hemolytic anaemia ( Direct Coombs Test is positive)

- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

---Idiopathic

--- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

--- Evans' Syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and haemolytic antibodies)

Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia

--- Idiopathic Cold Hemagglutinin Syndrome

--- Infectious Mononucleosis

--- Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (rare)

- Alloimmune hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic Disease Of The Newborn (HDN)

-Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anaemia

Penicillin (high dose)

Methyldopa

-- Hemoglobinopathies (where these is an unstable or crystaline hemoglobin)

-- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (rare acquired clonal disorder of red blood cell surface protiens)

-- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

--- Aplastic Anemia

-- Fanconi Anemia

-- Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

-- Acquired Pure Red Cell Aplasia

Decreased numbers of cells

--- Myelodysplastic Syndrome

--- Myelofibrosis

--- Neutropenia (decrease in the number of Neutrophils )

--- Agranulocytosis

--- Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia

--- Thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of Platelets )

-- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

-- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

-- Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Myeloproliferative Disorder s (Increased numbers of cells)

--- Polycythemia Vera (increase in the number of cells in general)

--- Leukocytosis (increase in the number of White Blood Cells )

--- Thrombocytosis (increase in the number of Platelets )

--- Myeloproliferative Disorder

Hematological Malignancies

--- Lymphoma s

-- Hodgkin's Disease

-- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

-- Burkitt's Lymphoma

-- Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

--- Myeloma s

-- Multiple Myeloma

-- Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

--- Plasmacytoma

--- Leukemia s

-- Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

-- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

-- Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

-- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

-- Hairy Cell Leukemia

Coagulopathies (disorders of Bleeding and Coagulation )

--- Thrombocytosis

---Recurrent Thrombosis

--- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

---Disorders of clotting proteins

-- Hemophilia

- Hemophilia A

- Hemophilia B (a.k.a. Christmas Disease )

- Hemophilia C

-- Von Willebrand Disease

-- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

-- Protein S Deficiency

-- Antiphospholipid Syndrome

---Disorders of Platelets

-- Thrombocytopenia

-- Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia

-- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Miscellaneous

--- Haemochromatosis

--- Asplenia

--- Hypersplenism

-- Gauchers Disease

Haemotological changes secondary to non-haemotological disorders

--- Anemia Of Chronic Disease

--- Infectious Mononucleosis

--- AIDS

--- Malaria

--- Leishmaniasis

TESTS

Tests used in the investigation of haematological problems include:

Full Blood Count s

ESR

Blood Film s

Bone Marrow Biopsies

Coombs Test

serum Ferritin level

Vitamin B12 and Folate levels

Prothrombin Time

Partial Thromboplastin Time

Protein Electrophoresis

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

D-dimer

TREATMENTS

Treatments include:

Diet advice

Oral Medication - tablets or liquid medicines

Anticoagulation therapy

Intramuscular injections (e.g. Vitamin B12 injections)

Blood Transfusion (for Anemia )

Venesection (for Iron Overload or Polycythemia )

Bone Marrow Transplant (e.g. for Leukemia )

Chemotherapy (e.g. for Leukemia )

Radiotherapy (in decline, e.g. for Leukemia )

ALPHABETICAL LISTS

EXTERNAL LINKS

American Society of Hematology

BloodLine