Allele Frequencies

Given a) a particular Chromosome Locus , b) a Gene occupying that locus, c) a population of individuals carrying ''n.'' loci in each of their Somatic Cell s (e.g. two loci in the cells of Diploid species, which contain two sets of chromosomes) and finally d) a variant or Allele of the gene, then the ''allele frequency'' of that allele is the fraction or percentage of loci that the allele occupies within the population.

To take an example, if the frequency of an allele is 20% in a given population, then among population members, one in five chromosomes will carry that allele. Four out of five will be occupied by other variants of the gene, of which there may be one or many.

Note that for diploid genes, however, the proportion of ''individuals'' that carry this allele may be up to ''two'' in five. If the allele distributes for the allele (i.e. carry one copy of that allele and one copy of another in each somatic cell) and 4% will be Homozygous (carrying two copies of the allele). So all together 36% of diploid individuals would be expected to carry an allele that has a frequency of 20%. However, alleles distribute randomly only in the absence of Selection and under other assumptions. When these conditions apply, a population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium .

The frequencies of all the alleles of a given gene often are graphed together as an ''allele frequency Distribution Histogram .'' Population genetics studies the different "forces" that might lead to changes in the distribution and frequencies of alleles -- in other words, to Evolution . Besides selection, these forces include Genetic Drift , Mutation and Migration .

Compare Genotype Frequency .

EXAMPLE

If there are ten individuals in a population and at a given locus there are two possible alleles, ''A'' and ''a'', then if the Genotype s of the individuals are:

AA

then the allele frequencies of allele ''A'' and allele ''a'' are:

p

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Allele Frequencies