Aether Theories

The Aether Of Classical Elements is a concept, historically, used in science and in philosophy. Alchemy , Natural Philosophy , and early modern Physics proposed the existance of a medium of the ''aether'' (also spelled ''ether'', from the Latin word ''aether'', meaning "upper air" ), a space-filling substance or field, thought to be necessary as a Transmission Medium . The assorted aether theories embody the various conceptions of this "'' Medium ''" and "'' Substance ''".

INTRODUCTION

Modern understanding of the nature of Light , and especially the various scientific experiments of General Relativity has obviated the need for a substance like aether to fill the otherwise empty parts of the Universe . The historical controvery over aether is related to conceptual problems reconciling various physical theories with the idea of a Vacuum . A number of different theories involving a substance called "aether" have been advanced, from classical Greece to the early 1900s.

Although it is tempting to talk about "the aether" a number of fairly different theories have been presented over the years which assigns that variant (concept) of aether different properties. Therefore when someone talks about proving or disproving the existence of ''the aether'', it is often a good idea to ask yourself ''which'' concept of aether is being discussed.

In its original and fundamental form "the aether" ''is'' both the medium of space, and the fundamental building blocks of all material substances. Its properties therefore include all that is observed. In this context there exist no physical process or theory that would be considered as aether-free. In more modern theories this ''stuff of space'' are designated as Field theories. These dispense with the concept of a medium and assign or designate the properties of the medium as fields which are then considered fundamental.

CLASSICAL AETHER

See Also: Aether (classical element)

The origins of aether are in Greek mythology. Aristotle was the first to consider it to be ''the fifth element'' (in Latin, ''quinta essentia'', hence the English equivalent ''quintessence''), in addition to the other Western Classical Element s of Earth , Air , Fire and Water .

NEWTONIAN AETHER

See Also: Newton's aether model

). Newton also said that he did not know whether his new aether should be particulate or not - if it ''was'' particulate, the particles would have to be incredibly small, even smaller than light-corpuscles.

LUMINIFEROUS AETHER

See Also: Luminiferous aether

The basic idea of the aether as a physical Transmission Medium is simple, and like all media, ''if it exists, must'' have fundamental properties including a Pressure , Mass Density , and Temperature . Further. if compressible, it will also exhibit a characteristic finite propagation speed, C , at which all transfer of Momentum and Energy through it can be carried from one physical location to another. Compressibility also means that there will also be a distinct coefficient of Compressibility (and its inverse, a distinct Modulus ), a characteristic Impedance , and the ability to create and sustain Wave activity. Any other properties, including ''ponderable'' Matter and the specific characteristics of waves are solely dependent upon specifics arrising from these basics.

As can be seen from historical timelines referenced above, up until the early part of the twentieth century aether played a central and dominant role in the development and evolution of all of theoretical physics.

During the 19th century the most basic and fundamental physical characteristics known were those pertaining to electric, magnetic, and luminous (light) phenomena. The focus of theoretical development focused upon these phenomena and integrating them into a single common framework. Based upon Faraday 's meticulous findings James Clerk Maxwell succeeded brilliantly in doing so. His model was based upon Helmholtz 's aether vortex model and is described in detailed in his 1861-62 series of articles titled ''On the Physical Lines of Force''. Because of this, the aether concept was commonly referred to as Luminiferous Aether during this period.

See also: Timeline Of Luminiferous Aether

GRAVITATIONAL AETHER

By the late 1800s, gravitational phenomena had also been modeled utilizing an aetherial concept. This concept is known today as '' Le Sage's Theory Of Gravitation '' or ''Particle Gravity''.

MOTION AND THE PREFERRED FRAME

See Also: Aether drag hypothesis

During the 19th Century attention was also focused on the interaction of electro-magnetic phenomena with matter. It was in the arena that, in the late 19th Century, trouble arose. At the time it was commonly assumed by many that ''ponderable'' Matter ( Mass having a rest value & Inertia ) was distinctly different, and was embedded, or enveloped in the all pervasive aether. By logical extension, movement of such objects should require it to ''plow through'' this aether, and this in turn, should create a Drag reaction in the aether. If the material object is not moving the pressure exerted by aether is equal in all directions ( Isotropic ). This condition is called the ''rest frame'' of the aether.

It was logical therefore to attempt to measure the speed of matter through the aether. The motion of the Earth was considered to be of sufficient magnitude that its speed could be determined. The expected difference was calculated based upon the assumptions that; 1) ''light speed was independent of Earth's motion (or matter in general)'', and, 2) ''the matter in the measuring equipment is independent and unaffected this movement''. When these assumptions are valid it was also demonstrated that this ''rest frame'' would have preferential properties making it physically different than all others. Thus this condition is also known as the '' Preferred Frame ''. The resulting geometrical calculation formed the basis for the expectation of a positive result, and expected lower bound value that should be seen.

Empirical falsification

An experiment testing this hypothesis was first performed by Albert Michelson in 1881. It produced a Null Result . It was repeated in 1887 in collaboration Edward Morley and is known today as the Michelson-Morley Experiment . To date all such experiments have failed to demonstrate the expected positive result predicted.

Since it is improbable that any medium would not itself react to the movement of such a foreign embedded body, the idea of a stationary aether can be effectively ruled out. However, like swirling your hand in water, if the medium has any Viscosity it will experience Drag and form a circulation, which, over time, acts to reduces the relative speed and drag between the body and the medium. The final resulting magnitude is dependent upon the assumption of viscosity, and leads to many variants of the theory, each with slightly different drag coefficients and rules for how matter should interact with light. The number of competing theories of this type made keeping track of all the resulting predictions rather difficult. As with String Theory today, there seemed to be too many options, and with the proper ''ad-hoc'' choice of coefficient values, it seemed that one could predict almost anything. These, as a group, are known as partially dragged aether theories.

Similar experiments have included:

Michelson-Gale-Pearson Experiment

Trouton-Noble Experiment

Kennedy-Thorndike Experiment

Lorentz's ether and special relativity

The ("PoR"). This result, which was completely consistent with Maxwell's theory, demonstrated that for aether theory, material systems are ''not'' independent of it motion relative to the medium.

Einstein 's Special Theory Of Relativity ("SR", 1905) rederived Lorentz' relationships by declaring that all observers could claim that lightspeed was absolutely fixed in their own Inertial Frame . Where LET said that constant velocity through the aether was undetectable, SR used this undetectability to reject the concept of an underlying aether as superfluous, and replaced a notional state of aether motion with it with the concept of the Inertial Frame . SR is now generally considered to be the modern replacement for LET.

''Acceleration effects'' still implied the existence of some physical property to spacetime, and if (like , then the properties of spacetime forced behaviours onto matter without accepting any back-reaction (like a form of "absolute" aether), a behaviour that Einstein referred to as "an inherent epistemological defect". But if the effects were purely Relative , then forcing matter to move in a way that spacetime did not like Should Cause A Distortion In Spacetime ("space tells matter how to move, matter tells space how to bend").

''See also: History Of Special Relativity ''

AETHER AND GENERAL RELATIVITY

See Also: Aether and general relativity

"''Aether and the theory of relativity''" was a title used by Einstein in a lecture on general relativity and aether theory. Einstein said that general relativity's gravitational field parameters could be said to have all the usual properties of an aether except one: it was not composed of particulate bodies that could be tracked over time, and so it could not be said to have the property of motion. The general attitude to this amongst physicists today seems to be that Einstein's comments don't count because they stretch the idea of aether theory too far: it is argued that a "non-particulate" aether theory is not really an aether theory, or at least, it doesn't correspond to the idea of "historical" aether theory that is currently taught.

AETHER AND QUANTUM MECHANICS

Quantum Mechanics can be used to describe spacetime as being "bitty" at extremely small scales, fluctuating and generating Particle Pairs that appear and disappear incredibly quickly. Instead of being "smooth", the vacuum is described as looking like " Quantum Foam ". It has been suggested that this seething mass of Virtual Particles may be the equivalent in modern physics of a particulate aether.

MODERN DERIVATIVES

In Physics there is no concept considered exactly analogous to the aether. However, Dark Energy is sometimes called '' Quintessence '' due to its similarity to the classical aether. Modern physics is full of concepts such as Free Space , Space Foam , Planck Particle s, Quantum Wave State (QWS), Zero-point Energy , Quantum Foam , and Vacuum Energy .

The Einstein-aether theory

Although it is not widely accepted, the most popular aether theory today is the Einstein æther Theory , also known as ''Æ-theory''. This theory was pioneered by Ted Jacobson among others. It is a generally covariant theory that comes equipped with a preferred temporal vector field called the æther field, which is the preferred time direction. Christopher Eling , Ted Jacobson and David Mattingly review this theory in their article Einstein Æther Theory .

All æther theories break the Lorentz Symmetry of the theory down, at least, to the Special Orthogonal Group of Rotation s. This symmetry breaking implies the existence of an associated Goldstone Boson . Some experimental signatures of such a boson were analyzed by Nima Arkani-Hamed , Hsin-Chia Cheng , Markus Luty and Jesse Thaler in Universal Dynamics of Spontaneous Lorentz Violation and a New Spin-Dependent Inverse-Square Law Force .

SEE ALSO

Etheric Plane (spirituality)

EXTERNAL ARTICLES, REFERENCES, AND FURTHER READINGS

;Citations and notes

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Aether Theories