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The Yamna (from Russian яма "pit") or '''Pit Grave''' or '''Ochre Grave culture''' is a Late Copper Age /early Bronze Age culture of the Bug / Dniester / Ural region, dating to the 36th – 23rd centuries BC. The culture was predominantly Nomad ic, with some Agriculture practiced near rivers and a few Hillfort s. Domestication of the Horse , Cattle , Sheep and Goat , use of Plough and Cart s is attested. Characteristic for the culture are the Inhumation s in kurgans, ( Tumuli ) in pit graves with the dead body placed in a supine position with bent knees. The bodies were covered in Ochre . Multiple graves have been found in these kurgans, often as later insertions. Significantly, animal grave offerings were made (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horse), a feature associated with early Indo-Iranians . It is said to have originated in the middle Volga based Khvalynsk Culture and the middle Dnieper based Sredny Stog Culture . In its western range, it is succeeded by the Catacomb Culture ; in the east, by the Poltavka Culture and the Srubna Culture . Europe]] The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) in the Kurgan Hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas . It is one candidate for the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European Language , along with the preceding Sredny Stog Culture . First in Eastern Europe remains of Wheel ed cart were found in "Storozhova mohyla" Kurgan ( Dnipropetrovsk , Ukraine , excavated by Trenozhkin O.I) associated with Yamna culture. Certain scholars push the date for PIE unity earlier, and suggest that the Yamna culture is inherently Proto-Indo-Iranian. SOURCES J. P. Mallory , "Yamna Culture", '' Encyclopedia Of Indo-European Culture '', Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. SEE ALSO |