Voyager Golden Record

The Voyager Golden Record is a Gramophone Record , attached to the two Voyager Spacecraft launched in 1977 , containing sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth. It is intended for any intelligent Extraterrestrial life form that may find it. The Voyagers will take about 40,000 years to come close ("close" meaning in this case about 1.7 Light Year s) to another star, hence if other beings do not come our way to meet them, it will take at least that long for the Golden Record to be found.

As the probes they are attached to are relatively small and will be all but lost in the vastness of interstellar space, it is extraordinarily unlikely that they will ever be intercepted. If they are ever found by an alien species, it will be far in the future, and thus the record is best seen as a symbolic statement rather than a serious attempt to communicate with aliens.

BACKGROUND

The Voyager spacecraft will be the third and fourth human artifacts to escape entirely from the solar system. Pioneer s 10 and 11 , which were launched in 1972 and 1973 and preceded Voyager in outstripping the Gravitational Attraction of the Sun , both carried small Metal Plaques identifying their time and place of origin for the benefit of any other spacefarers that might find them in the distant future.

With this example before them, NASA placed a more comprehensive (and eclectic) message aboard Voyager 1 and 2 – a kind of Time Capsule , intended to communicate a story of our world to Extraterrestrial s.

This is a present from a small, distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and our feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. — U.S. President Jimmy Carter .

RECORDING COVER DIAGRAM

''Explanation of the Voyager record cover diagram, as provided by NASA.''

CONTENTS

The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University . Dr. Sagan and his associates assembled 115 images and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, and thunder, and animal sounds, including the songs of Birds and Whales . To this they added musical selections from different cultures and eras, and spoken greetings from Earth-people in fifty-five languages, and printed messages from President Jimmy Carter and U.N. Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim .

After NASA had received much Criticism Over The "smut" On The Pioneer Plaque (line drawings of a naked man and woman), the agency chose not to allow Sagan and his colleagues to include a photograph of a nude man and a nude, pregnant woman on the record. Instead, only a silhouette of the couple was included ( Jon Lomberg : "Pictures of Earth". in Carl Sagan: ''Murmurs of Earth,'' 1978, New York, ISBN 0679744444).

Here is an excerpt of President Carter's official statement placed on the Voyager spacecraft for its trip outside our solar system, June 16 , 1977 : "We cast this message into the cosmos ... Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, some – perhaps many – may have inhabited planets and space faring civilizations. If one such civilization intercepts Voyager and can understand these recorded contents, here is our message: We are trying to survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope some day, having solved the problems we face, to join a community of Galactic Civilizations. This record represents our hope and our determination and our goodwill in a vast and awesome universe."

The 115 images are encoded in analog form. The remainder of the record is audio, designed to be played at 16⅔ revolutions per minute. It contains spoken greetings beginning with Akkadian , which was spoken in Sumer about six thousand years ago, and ending with Wu , a modern Chinese Dialect .

Following are the 55 languages included in the Golden Record:

Following the section on the sounds of Earth, there is an eclectic 90-minute selection of music from many cultures, including Eastern and Western classics. The selections include:

Germany , Bach , Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F. First Movement, Munich Bach Orchestra , Karl Richter , conductor. 4:40

Java , Gamelan Yogyakarta , " Puspawarna " ("Kinds of Flowers"), Pura Paku Alaman , K. R. T. Wasitodiporo , director, recorded by Robert E. Brown . 4:43

Senegal , percussion, recorded by Charles Duvelle . 2:08

Zaire , Pygmy girls' initiation song, recorded by Colin Turnbull . 0:56

Australia , Aborigine songs, "Morning Star" and "Devil Bird", recorded by Sandra LeBrun Holmes . 1:26

Mexico , "El Cascabel", performed by Lorenzo Barcelata and the Mariachi México . 3:14

USA , " Johnny B. Goode ", written and performed by Chuck Berry . 2:38

New Guinea , men's house song, recorded by Robert MacLennan . 1:20

Japan , Shakuhachi , "Tsuru No Sugomori" ("Crane's Nest") performed by Goro Yamaguchi . 4:51

Germany/ Belgium , Bach, "Gavotte en rondeaux" from the Partita No. 3 In E Major for Violin , performed by Arthur Grumiaux . 2:55

Austria /Germany, Mozart , Die Zauberflöte , Queen of the Night aria, no. 14. Edda Moser , soprano. Bavarian State Opera , Wolfgang Sawallisch , conductor. 2:55

Georgian S.S.R. , chorus, "Tchakrulo", collected by Radio Moscow . 2:18

Peru , Panpipe s and drum, collected by Casa De La Cultura , Lima . 0:52

USA, "Melancholy Blues", performed by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Seven. 3:05

Azerbaijan S.S.R., Bagpipe s, recorded by Radio Moscow. 2:30

Russia / France /USA, Stravinsky , Rite Of Spring , Sacrificial Dance, Columbia Symphony Orchestra , Igor Stravinsky, conductor. 4:35

Germany/ Canada , Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier , Book 2, Prelude and Fugue in C, No.1, Glenn Gould , piano. 4:48

Germany/England, Beethoven , Fifth Symphony, First Movement, the Philharmonia Orchestra , Otto Klemperer , conductor. 7:20

" ("Izlel je Delyo Hajdutin"), sung by Valya Balkanska . 4:59

USA, Navajo Indians, Night Chant, recorded by Willard Rhodes . 0:57

England , Anthony Holborne , "The Fairie Round" from '' Paueans , Galliard s, Almains and Other Short Aeirs '', performed by David Munrow and the Early Music Consort Of London . 1:17

Solomon Islands , panpipes, collected by the Solomon Islands Broadcasting Service . 1:12

Peru, wedding song, recorded by John Cohen . 0:38

China , Guqin , "Liu Shui" ("Flowing Streams"), by Bo Ya , performed by Kuan P'ing-hu . 7:37

India , Raga Bhairavi , "Jaat Kahan Ho", sung by Surshri Kesar Bai Kerkar . 3:30

USA, "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground", written and performed by Blind Willie Johnson . 3:15

Germany/ Hungary , Beethoven, String Quartet No. 13 in B flat, Opus 130, Cavatina , performed by Budapest String Quartet . 6:37

JOURNEY

; and Voyager 2 will have approached star Ross 248, located in the constellation of Andromeda .

The Voyagers are identical but on different flight paths. In May 2005, Voyager 1 was 8.7 billion miles from the Sun and traveling at a speed of 3.6 AU per year while Voyager 2 is about 6.5 billion miles away and moving at about 3.3 AU per year. One 'AU' or astronomical unit, equals the distance between the Sun and Earth which is 93 million miles.

Voyager 1 has entered the Heliosheath , the region beyond the termination shock. The termination shock is where the solar wind, a thin stream of electrically charged gas blowing continuously outward from the Sun, is slowed by pressure from gas between the stars. At the termination shock, the solar wind slows abruptly from its average speed of 300 to 700 km per second (700,000 - 1,500,000 miles per hour) and becomes denser and hotter. {Link without Title}

As Carl Sagan has noted, "The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced spacefaring Civilization s in interstellar space. But the launching of this 'bottle' into the cosmic 'ocean' says something very hopeful about life on this planet."

Some others suggest that the only civilization that will encounter it will be our own, when in a few hundred years it is retrieved and placed into a space museum.

OTHER INFORMATION

Most of the images used on the record (reproduced in black and white), together with information about its compilation, can be found in the book ''Murmurs of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record'' by Carl Sagan, F.D. Drake , Ann Druyan , Timothy Ferris, Jon Lomberg, and Linda Salzman ( 1978 ), ISBN 0394410475 (hardcover); ISBN 0345283961 (paperback). A CD-ROM version was issued by Warner New Media in 1992 . Both versions are out of print, but the 1978 edition can be found in many college or public libraries.

In July, 1983 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast the 45-minute documentary ''Music from a Small Planet'', in which Sagan and Druyan explained the process of selecting music for the record and introduced excerpts. It was not clear whether this was an original BBC documentary or an imported NPR production.

APPEARANCES IN FICTION

The motion picture '' Starman '' portrayed the Voyager Golden Record as having been located by an extra-terrestrial intelligence who subsequently sent one of their own race to investigate intelligent life on Earth (but they exchanged " Johnny B. Goode " with " (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction " by The Rolling Stones ).

Voyager and its record appear in the episode entitled " Parasites Lost " of the animated television series '' Futurama ''. Leela scrapes the spacecraft off her ship's windshield while stopped at a galactic "truck stop".

In the Transformers Series '' Beast Wars '', one of the Predacons' stolen "Golden Disks" was in fact the Voyager Record. This disk was prized by the Transformer race, as it alone told the location of Earth and thus a plentiful source of Energon. The disk also contained a secret message from the original Megatron .

In a memorable '' Saturday Night Live '' segment, it was announced by Steve Martin that the first message from extraterrestrials was being received. Once decoded, the message stated, "Send more Chuck Berry."

While parts of the record cover appear in '''' as part of V'ger , the record itself was apparently not placed on the fictional Voyager 6 probe.

In the '' X-Files '' episode " Little Green Men ", a brief excerpt from the Voyager Golden Record recording can be heard.

In the novel '' Battlefield Earth '' by L. Ron Hubbard, the discovery of the Voyager Golden Record led the vicious alien race Psychlo to Earth.

In the anime '' Eureka Seven '' episode 31, a reprint of the record was shown by Dr. Greg Egan in his laboratory.

In an episode of '' The West Wing '', "The Warfare of Ghengis Khan", Josh Lyman mentions the Golden Record (though not by name) through a reference to Blind Willie Johnson.

REFERENCES

Originally based on public domain text from the NASA Website , where selected images and sounds from the record can be found. Much of the Voyager records, however, are only available in compiled form to extraterrestrials for copyright reasons [http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/faq.html].

JPL Voyager FAQ page

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Voyager Golden Record