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Private agreements among the United Kingdom , Italy and France in 1904 , without consulting the Sultan , had divided the Maghreb into Spheres Of Influence , with France given Morocco as its responsibility. In Morocco, the young sultan Abdelaziz acceded in 1894 at the age of ten, and Europeans became the main advisors at the court, while local rulers became more and more independent from the sultan. The sultan was deposed in 1908 , and the situation of Moroccan law and order continued to deteriorate under his successor, Abdelhafid . He Abdicated in favour of his brother Yusef after signing the Treaty of Fez.

The two zones of the Spanish protectorate had few paved roads and were separated by the Bay of Al Hoceima , which the Spanish called ''Alhucemas''; the Treaty of Fez granted the concession for exploitation of the iron mines of Mount Uixan to the Compañía Española de Minas del Rif, which was also given permission to build a railroad to connect the mines with Melilla .

The treaty was perceived as a betrayal by Moroccan nationalists and led to the War of the Rif (1919–26) between the Spanish and the Moroccan Rif and Jibala tribes, where the leader Abd El-Krim soon emerged and founded a short-lived nationalist Republic Of The Rif .


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