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Syncretism is also common in Literature , Music , the representational arts and other expressions of Culture . (Compare the concept of Eclecticism .) There also exist Syncretic Politics , although in political classification the term has a somewhat different meaning. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ROLES Overt syncretism in folk belief is a sign of cultural acceptance of an alien or previous tradition, but the "other" cult may survive or infiltrate without authorized ''syncresis'' nevertheless. An example is the fact that some Converso s developed a sort of cult for martyrs who were victims of the Spanish Inquisition , thus incorporating elements of Catholicism while resisting it. Some religious movements have embraced overt syncretism, such as the case of the adoption of Shinto elements into Buddhism . Others have strongly rejected it as devaluing precious and genuine distinctions; examples of this includes post- Exile Judaism and Islamism . Syncretism tends to facilitate coexistence and constructive interaction between different cultures, a factor that has recommended it to rulers of multi-ethnic realms. Conversely the rejection of syncretism, usually in the name of " Piety " and "orthodoxy", helps generate and authorize a sense of cultural unity. ORIGIN OF THE WORD The word ''Syncretism'' is first attested in English in 1618 and is derived from modern Latin ''syncretismus'', drawing on Greek συγκρητισμός (''synkretismos''), meaning "a union of communities". The word occurs in Plutarch 's ( 1st Century AD) essay on "Fraternal Love" in his ''Moralia'' (2.490b). He cites the example of the Cretans who were reconciliated in their differences and came together in alliance when faced with external dangers. "And that is their so-called ''Syncretism.''" The word is a compound of ''syn'' "together" and a second element of uncertain origin. Rather than directly referring to Crete, it could be connected with ''kretismos'' "a lie", from ''kretizein'' " To Lie Like A Cretan ", or alternatively it could be connected to ''kerannumi'' "to mix", ''krasis'' "mixture" on the analogy of ''accretion'' or ''concrete''. The Latin word, used in the modern sense, was probably coined by Erasmus in his '' Adagia '' ("Adages"), published in the winter of 1517–1518, to designate the coherence of Dissenter s in spite of their difference of theological opinions. In a letter to Melancthon , April 22, 1519, Erasmus specifically adduced the Cretans of Plutarch, an example of his adage "Concord is a mighty rampart." SYNCRETISM IN ANCIENT GREECE Syncretism was an essential feature of Greek Paganism . Hellenistic culture in the age that followed Alexander The Great was itself syncretic, essentially a blend of Persian , Anatolian , Egypt ian (and eventually Etruscan - Roman ) elements within a Hellenic overall formula. The Egyptian god Amun developed as the Hellenized '' Zeus Ammon'' after Alexander The Great went into the desert to seek out Amun's Oracle at Siwa . These identifications derive from '', Grove , Cave and Spring all had their locally-venerated deity. The countless epithets of the Olympian gods reflect this syncretic character. "Zeus Molossos", as worshiped only at Dodona , is "the god identical to Zeus as worshiped by the Molossians at Dodona." Much apparently arbitrary and trivial mythic Fabling is the result of later mythographers' attempts to explain these obscure Epithet s. SYNCRETISM IN ROME The , Isis , Mithras are syncretic deities. Cybele , as she was worshiped in Rome, was essentially a syncretic Goddess . The Greek god Dionysus was imported into Rome as Bacchus , and the Anatolian Sabazios was converted to the Roman Sabazius . The correspondences varied: Jupiter is perhaps a better match for Zeus than the rural huntress Diana is for the feared Artemis . Ares is not quite Mars . The Anatolian goddess Cybele was physically imported to Rome from her Anatolian cult center Pessinos in the original aniconic archaic stone Idol ; she was identified in Rome as Magna Mater and was given a matronly, iconic image that had been developed in Hellenistic Pergamum . Likewise, when the Romans encountered Celt s and Teuton s, they mingled these Northern gods with their own, creating ''Apollo Sucellos '' (Apollo the Good Smiter) and ''Mars Thingsus'' (Mars of the war-assembly), among many others. In the '' Germania '', the Roman historian Tacitus speaks of Teutonic worshippers of Hercules and Mercury ; most modern scholars conclude that Hercules was likely Thor , and Mercury was Odin . SYNCRETISM IN CHRISTIANITY Nascent Christianity appears to have incorporated many European Pagan cultural elements, "baptizing" or "Christianizing" them to conform with Christian belief and principles, at least partially through discarding theologically and morally incompatible elements. One example of this is the strong connection between the thought of St. Augustine and Neoplatonic thought, and St. Thomas Aquinas ' many quotations of "The Philosopher", Aristotle . Many scholars agree to this syncretism in principle, though any specific example is likely to be labeled " Controversial ". Open Theists (a subset of Protestant Evangelicals) assert that Christianity by the 3rd and 4th centuries had incorporated Greek Philosophy into its understanding of God. "Syncretism" was not on the table when Christianity split into Georgius Calisen "Calixtus" (1586-1656) was ridiculed by Calovius (1612-1685) for his "syncretism." The modern celebrations of Christmas (as celebrated in the northern European tradition, originating from Pagan Yule holidays), Easter and Halloween are examples of relatively late Christian syncretism. Earlier, the elevation of Christmas as an important holiday largely grew out of a need to replace the Saturnalia , a popular December festival of the Roman Empire. Roman Catholicism in Central and South America has also integrated a number of elements derived from Indigenous and slave cultures in those areas (see The Caribbean and Modern Sections ); while many African Initiated Church es demonstrate an integration of Christian and traditional African beliefs. In Asia the revolutionary movements of Taiping (19th-century China) and God's Army ( Karen in the 1990s) have blended Christianity and traditional beliefs. Syncretism can be contrasted with Contextualization or Inculturation , the practice of making Christianity relevant to a culture. SYNCRETISM IN ISLAM Islam seems to have incorporated many beliefs from other religions, mainly from Judaism, but also from Christianity. However, this is not considered by Muslims as syncretism because Islam is considered to be the successor to the Jewish and Christian religions, completing the divine revelations through the Prophet Muhammad that God (Allah) began with other prophets, and all those from the progeny of Abraham. The Druze s integrated elements of Ismaili Islam with Gnosticism and Platonism . Their practice of disguising themselves as followers of the dominant religion makes difficult to ascertain what is believed and what simulated. Several of the Jewish Messiah claimants like Jacob Frank and the Donmeh ended mixing Cabal istic Judaism with Christianism and Islam. The Mughal emperor Akbar, who wanted to consolidate the diverse religious communities in his empire, propounded Din-i-Ilahi , a syncretic religion intended to merge the best elements of the religions of his empire. Sikhism blends elements of Islam and Hinduism. See The Section On The Bahá'i Faith for another syncretism based on Shiism. SYNCRETISM IN THE BAHá'í FAITH The Bahá'ís follow Bahá'u'lláh , a prophet whom they consider a successor to Muhammad , and recognise Jesus, Moses, Buddha and Zoroaster amongst others as former prophets. Some have therefore considered it a syncretic faith. However, Bahá'ís themselves and most scholars reject this view, because Bahá'ís recognize the supremacy of Bahá'u'lláh's revelation in our time over previous ones (much as Muhammad himself had done), and Bahá'ís have their own Sacred Writings and laws that supersede all others. SYNCRETISM IN THE CARIBBEAN The process of syncretism in the Caribbean region is often referred to as creolization. (The term Creole is used to describe anyone, regardless of race or ethnicity, who was born and raised in the region.) The shared histories of the Caribbean islands include long periods of European Imperialism (mainly by Spain , France and Britain ), the importation of African Slaves (primarily from Central and Western Africa ), and the domination of the Sugar industry across the region. The influences of each of the above on the islands, in varying degrees were woven together producing the fabric of society that exists today in the Caribbean. The Rastafari Movement , founded in Jamaica , is highly syncretic, mixing elements from the Bible , Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement, and Caribbean culture. Another highly syncretic religion of the area is Voodoo , which combines elements of Western African, native Caribbean, and Christian (especially Roman Catholic ) beliefs. See The Modern Section for other Caribbean syncretisms. SYNCRETISM IN LINGUISTICS In linguistic syncretism one word form serves two or more morphosyntactic functions. Some inflected words or word forms in some Natural Language s indicate (morphologically) a distinction in Syntax , while some other words in the same language do not. For example in Russian , some nouns have different word forms (inflections) in Nominative and Accusative (''kniga'', ''knigu'') while some other Noun s (''pismo'', ''pismo'') inflect without a distinction. The former indicate a distinction in the Russian syntax while the latter hide that distinction. SYNCRETISM IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT The modern, rational non-pejorative connotations began with Denis Diderot 's '' Encyclopédie '' articles, ''Eclecticisme'' and ''Syncrétistes, Hénotiques, ou Conciliateurs.'' Diderot portrayed syncretism as the concordance of eclectic sources. MODERN SYNCRETIC RELIGIONS Recently developed religious systems that exhibit marked syncretism include the New World religions Candomblé , Vodun , and Santería , which analogize various Yorùbá and other Africa n gods to the Roman Catholic Pantheon of Saint s. Some sects of Candomblé have incorporated also Native American gods, and Umbanda combined African deities with Kardecist Spiritualism . Unitarian Universalism is an example of a modern syncretic religion; it traces its roots to Universalist and Unitarian Christian congregations while at the same time freely incorporating elements from other religious and non-religious traditions. In Vietnam, Caodaism blends elements of Buddhism , Catholicism and Kardecism. Among New Japanese Religions several syncretic religious movements such as Konkokyo and Seicho-No-Ie have been founded in the latter half of the 19th century forwards. Examples of strongly syncretist Romantic and modern movements include Mysticism , Occultism , Theosophy , Astrology , and the New Age movement, and in the arts the eclectic aspects of Postmodernism . The Rastafari Movement is also syncretic, derived from a blend of Judaic ideology and a more secular one of emancipation. In spite of the Jewish prohibitions on worshiping in religions other than Judaism (, Nazarenism , Judeo-Paganism , Messianic Judaism , Jewish Mormonism , Crypto-Judaism (in which Jews outwardly profess another faith and inwardly celebrate Judaism), and others. MODERN SYNCRETIC SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Other forms of syncretism not directly related to religion are found in the modern world as well. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cultural or social syncretism. Japanese Culture after World War II and the moderate tendencies within Neo-Tribalism are sometimes offered as examples. The socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga , which originated in India in 1955 , is based on a syncretic approach to the different strands of Yoga , as Propounded by its founder P.R. Sarkar . The stated purpose is "to help Individuals achieve complete Self-realization and to build a Social Structure in which the Physical , Mental and Spiritual needs of all people can be Fulfilled ." EXTERNAL LINKS
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