| Station Wagon |
Article Index for Station |
Website Links For Station |
Information AboutStation Wagon |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT STATION WAGON | |
| car classifications | |
| car body styles | |
| station wagons | |
| SHOPPER'S DELIGHT | |
|
]] A station wagon ( United States usage), '''wagon''' ( Australia n usage, though station wagon is widely used) or '''estate car''' ( United Kingdom usage) is a Car Body Style similar to a Sedan , but with an extended rear cargo area. Most station wagons are modified sedan-type Car bodies, having the passenger area extended to the rear window (over the normal trunk area of the vehicle). Unlike a Hatchback car, which otherwise meets this description, a station wagon is the full height of the passenger cabin all the way to the back; the rear glass is not sloped too far from vertical. Two exceptions to this rule include Rambler (automobile) station wagons (1952–1962]] on which the roof line subtly dipped down over the cargo area, and GM's Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser (1964–1972) and Buick Sportwagon (1964–1970) on which the rear roof section was slightly elevated and combined with four skylights. A station wagon is distinguished from a Minivan ( MPV ) or SUV by still being a car, sharing its forward bodywork with other cars in a manufacturer's range. The popularity of the minivan in the 1980s and early 1990s is credited with the decline of the traditional station wagon. HISTORY The first station wagons were a product of the age of Train travel. They were originally called 'depot hacks' because they worked around train ''depots'' as ''hacks'' (short for Hackney Carriage , an old name for Taxi s). They also came to be known as 'carryalls' and 'suburbans'. The name 'station wagon' is a derivative of 'depot hack'; it was a ''wagon'' that carried people and luggage from the train ''station'' to various local destinations. Prior to mid 1930s, hardwoods were used by most automotive makes in framing the passenger compartments of their passenger vehicles. In automobiles, the framing was sheathed in steel which was then covered in colored lacquers for protection. Eventually, all steel bodies were adopted because of their strength, cost and durability. Early station wagons, however, evolved from trucks and were viewed as Commercial Vehicles, not consumer automobiles. The framing of the early station wagons were left unsheathed because of the commercial nature of the vehicles. Early station wagons were fixed roof vehicles, but lacked the glass that would enclose the passenger compartment. In lieu of glass, side curtains of canvas could be unrolled. More rigid curtains could be snapped in place to protect passengers from the elements outside. In 1922 Essex introduced the first affordable enclosed automobile, which shifted the auto industry away from open vehicles towards meeting consumer demand for enclosed automobiles. Station Wagons too, began to be enclosed, especially in higher price categories from up market automobile companies. Windows in these early enclosed models were either retractable, or sliding in nature. With the exception of Ford which owned its own hardwood forest and mills specifically for the purpose of building woodie wagons, manufacture of the passenger compartments was outsourced to custom body builders because of the slower nature of the production of the all wood bodies. Companies that were major producers of wood bodied station wagons included Mitchell Bentley, Hercules, USB&F and Cantrell and other custom builders. The roofs of woodie wagons were usual made of stretched canvas that was treated with a water proofing dressing. While commercial in its origins, by the mid-1930s, wood bodied station wagons, also known as “Woodies”, began to take on a prestige aura. The vehicles were priced higher than regular cars, but were popular in affluent communities, especially among the Country Club social set. The vehicles gained in “snob appeal” when mating the ultility of the hard wood bodies to better makes of automobiles such as Buick and Packard and Pierce-Arrow . Cachet aside, woodie wagons required constant maintenance; bodies were finished in varnishes that required recoating, bolts and screws required tightening as wood expanded and contracted throughout the seasons. ALL-STEEL WAGONS Following World War II, automobile production from preexisting manufactures resumed using tooling left over from 1942. However, advancement in production techniques learned over the course of World War II made all-steel station wagons practical when automobile manufacturers switched over to new designs. The first all-steel station wagon type vehicle in North America was the 1946 Jeep Station Wagon, based upon the rugged Jeep produced by Willys-Overland during the war effort. The Willys was a two-door vehicle, and in premium trim had its passenger compartment exterior painted in a style that evoked the light framing/darker panel design of wagons from the woodie era. In 1949 , Plymouth introduced the first all-steel station wagon, the two-door Suburban, that was based on an automotive platform. In 1950 , Plymouth discontinued the woody station wagon in its line and converted to all steel bodies. Buick was the last automobile manufacturer to produce a station wagon with a true wooden structure in 1953 . By 1955 , only Ford and Mercury offered a woody-like model; however the look was accomplished with steel, Plastic s and various materials, such as DiNoc (a Vinyl product) to simulate broad expanses of wood. Known as the Ford Country Squire , this heavily-trimmed full-size wagon was a staple of the Ford line from the 1940s to the 1990s . Reintroduction of woody decorated station wagons by other makers in America began in 1966 when Dodge offered the look for the first time in fifteen years. By 1967 , simulated "wood" decoration was used exclusively on top line models, with unadorned vehicles denoting lower price and status models. In many suburban communities, owning a current year woody station wagon was a sign of affluence and good taste. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the idea of "fake wood" became archaic and manufacturers dropped the option. With the introduction of the retro-styled Chrysler PT Cruiser , aftermarket firms began selling faux woodie kits designed to invoke a sense of nostalgia. Station wagons enjoyed their greatest popularity and highest production levels in the United States during from the 1950s through the 1970s . The late 1950s through the mid 1960s was also the period of greatest variation in bodystyles, with pillared two and four-door models marketed alongside hardtop (no B-pillar) four door models. AMC's Rambler was the first to enter into this body style in 1956, followed by Mercury, Oldsmobile, Buick in 1957; Chrysler entered the market in 1960. Expensive to produce and buy, the hardtop wagon sold in limited numbers. GM was the first to eliminate the hardtop wagon from its lineup in 1959, and AMC and Ford exited the field beginning with their 1960 and 1961 vehicles, leaving Chrysler and Dodge with the body style through the 1964 model year. Full-size wagons Traditionally, full-sized American station wagons were configured for 6 or 9 passengers. The basic arrangement, for seating six, was three passengers in the front and three passengers in the rear, all on bench-type seats; to accommodate nine, a third bench seat - often facing backward, but sometimes facing forward - was installed in the rear cargo area, over the rear axle. In Ford and Mercury wagons built after 1964, the configuration was changed to two seats facing each other, placed behind the rear axle. According to Ford, each seat would accomodate two people, raising the total seating capacity to ten passengers; however, these seats were quite narrow in later models and could only accomodate one passenger, limiting the total capacity to eight passengers. Newer models are usually built on smaller platforms and accommodate five or six passengers (depending on whether bucket or bench seats are fitted in front). Because of size and safety concerns, seating is no longer permitted in the rear of new passenger car-based station wagons, except in the now-discontinued Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable , which had a small jump-seat that had room for two children. Two-door wagons Between 1955 and 1957, Chevrolet produced the Nomad , and Pontiac the sibling Safari , both of which were sporty two-door wagons. Limited demand for the style and their costly production resulted in cancellation after three model years. For 1958, both model names were applied to pillared four-door wagon models. Chevrolet dropped the Nomad name at the end of the 1961 model year, while Pontiac continued to use the Safari name into the 1980s. Mercury , a division of the Ford Motor Company , produced a two-door hardtop wagon from 1957 to 1960 . When Mercury lost its unique body designs in 1961, the marque lost its hardtop wagons and instead fielded pillared models. The 1970's were something of a high point for two-door wagons, as multiple manufacturers fielded an example in their "small car" lines. Between 1972 and 1980 , a two-door wagon version of the Ford Pinto and Mercury Bobcat was available. A two-door wagon version of the Chevrolet Vega was available between 1971 and 1977 ; the near-identical Pontiac Astre offered the same body style between 1973 and 1977 . Even AMC entered the market with a wagon version of the AMC Pacer , produced between 1977 and 1980 . More utilitarian two-door wagons were known as "sedan delivery" cars, often with solid panels where the rear side windows would be. These were produced in the United States into the 1970s (with panel versions of the Vega and Pinto available). DECLINING POPULARITY IN NORTH AMERICA wagon was a compact, affordable, and popular station wagon.]] Sales of station wagons in the United States and Canada remained strong until 1984, when the Chrysler Corporation introduced the First Minivans , derived from the K Platform , which, ironically, also was the platform for the Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries station wagon models which the minivan would soon eclipse. The ripple effect of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo led to the demise of the station wagon where CAFE legislation dethroned the Rear Wheel Drive layout for efficient Front Wheel Drive vehicles. Station wagons were the victims of Detroit's downsizing trend after 1976, and vehicle choice was limited to which SUVs like the Chevrolet Suburban and van conversions ( GMC Vandura ) filled the void of station wagon sales. This, indeed, led to the station wagon's demise. The emergence and popularity of SUVs which closely approximate the traditional wagon bodystyle was a further blow. After struggling sales, the last full-size wagons (the Chevrolet Caprice and the Buick Roadmaster ) in American production (until 2005 with the Dodge Magnum ) were discontinued in 1996 . Since then, small wagons (such as the Subaru Outback ) have enjoyed an increase in popularity in the U.S., as safer, sportier and (in most cases) much less expensive alternatives to SUVs and minivans. Domestic wagons also remained in the Ford, Mercury, and Saturn lines until 2004 when the bodies began a phase-out, replaced by car-based " Crossover SUV s" and minivans designed to look like station wagons. STATION WAGONS AROUND THE WORLD In Europe , Australasia and South Africa , these vehicles remain popular and in volume production, although minivans (MPVs) and the like have had some impact. Indeed, the absence of a station wagon in a model range is considered detrimental to its success by manufacturers in Australasia. Station wagons are lower in profile than a minivan or SUV and thus have less air resistance when driving on the highway. As in North America, early station wagons were aftermarket conversions and had their new bodywork built with a wooden frame, sometimes with wooden panels, sometimes steel. Station wagons were the originators of fold down seats to accommodate passengers or cargo. In the United Kingdom , a very specific type, rare these days, is known as a shooting brake. These are modifications of luxury coupés with an estate car-like back fitted. They generally remain with two side doors. The purpose of them, historically, is obvious from the name; they were vehicles for the well-off shooter and hunter, giving space to carry Shotgun s and other equipment. They have rarely been made by the factory and are generally aftermarket conversions; some are still made. Up through the early 1960s many of them were built as woodies, making them some of the most exclusive and luxurious woodies ever built. In the 1950s, the British companies Rover and Austin produced 4x4 vehicles (the Land-Rover and the Gypsy respectively). Apart from the standard canvas-topped utility vehicles, both these 4x4s were available in estate car bodystyles that were sold as 'Station Wagons'. These bodystyles incorportated more comfortable seating, trim and options such as heaters that made the vehicles more attractive to private buyers. The name was alien in the UK, but was probably chosen because of the high number of these vehicles that went to export markets such as Africa and Australia, where the name was understood. The current Land Rover Defender range still incorporates a series of Station Wagon-named types. Europe an manufacturers often built two-door station wagons in the post-war period for the compact class, and not four-door models, a practice that continued at Ford with its Escort Mk III in the early 1980s . Usually, by that time, manufacturers created four-door models. Toyota Corolla wagon is an example (it was built until 1987 ). The Nissan Avenir is an example of a model that began its life as a utility vehicle, and became a well equipped passenger car in the 1990s . Australian station wagons, such as the Ford Falcon and Holden Commodore , are usually built on a longer Wheelbase compared to their sedan counterparts, though they share the same door skins. This leads to a slightly unusual appearance with the rear door not reaching all the way to the rear wheel arch. TAILGATE EVOLUTION The vast majority of modern station wagons have an upward-swinging, full-width, full-height rear door supported on Gas Strut s, and a few also have a rear window that can be swung upward independently to load small items without opening the whole liftgate. Historically, however, many different designs have been used for access to the rear of car; the following summary concentrates on American models.
SEE ALSO SOURCES EXTERNAL LINKS
|