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''Sleeping Beauty'' (''"La Belle au Bois dormant"'') is a Fairy Tale classic, the first in the set published in 1697 by Charles Perrault , ''Contes de ma Mère l'Oye'' ("Mother Goose Tales"). Elements of the story are contained in Giambattista Basile 's '' Pentamerone '' (published 1634 ), in the tale ''Sun, Moon and Talia'' (ch. 39). Professor J. R. R. Tolkien noted that Perrault's cultural presence is so pervasive that, when asked to name a fairy tale, most people will cite one of the eight stories in Perrault's collection. Since Tolkien's generation, however, the most familiar ''Sleeping Beauty'' has become the Walt Disney Animated Film ( 1959 ), which draws as much from the Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Ballet ( Saint Petersburg , 1890 ) as from Perrault. More than many fairy tales, ''Sleeping Beauty'' partakes of many deep European Myth s, both Pagan and Christian . PERRAULT'S NARRATIVE The basic elements of Perrault's narrative are in two parts. Part one At the Christening of a long-wished-for princess, Fairies invited as Godmother s offered gifts of beauty, wit, grace, and musical talents. However, a wicked fairy who had been overlooked placed the princess under an enchantment as her gift, saying that, on reaching adulthood, she would prick her finger on a Spindle and die. A good fairy, though unable to reverse the spell, altered its effect so that the princess, instead of dying, would fall asleep for a hundred years, until awakened by the kiss of a prince's son. The king forbade spinning on distaff or spindle, or the possession of one, upon pain of death, throughout the kingdom, but all in vain. When the princess was fifteen or sixteen she chanced to come upon an old woman in a tower of the castle, who was spinning. The Princess asked to try the unfamiliar task and the inevitable happened. The wicked fairy's curse was fulfilled. The good fairy returned and put everyone in the castle to sleep. Eventually, a prince arrived, and, hearing the story of the enchantment, braved the wood, which parted at his approach, and entered the castle. He kissed the princess, everyone in the castle woke to continue where they had left off... and, in modern versions, they all lived happily ever after. Part two Secretly wed by the reawakened Royal almoner, the Prince continued to visit the Princess, who bore him two children, L'Aurore and Le Jour , which he kept secret from the Queen his mother, who was of an Ogre lineage. Once he had acceded to the throne, he brought the Princess and the children to his capital, which he then left in the regency of the Queen Mother, while he went to make war on his neighbor the Emperor Contalabutte, ("Count of The Mount"). The Ogre Queen sent the Princess Queen and the children to a house secluded in the woods, and directed her cook there to prepare the boy for her dinner, with a '' Sauce Robert .'' The humane cook substituted a lamb, which satisfied the Ogre Queen, who demanded the girl, but was satisfied with a young goat prepared in the same excellent sauce. When the Ogre Queen demanded that he serve up the Princess Queen, she offered her throat to be slit, so that she might join the children she imagined were dead. There was a tearful secret reunion in the cook's little house, while the Ogre Queen was satisfied with a Hind prepared with ''sauce Robert.'' Soon she discovered the trick and prepared a tub in the courtyard filled with vipers and other noxious creatures. The King returned in the nick of time and the Ogress, being discovered, threw herself into the pit she had prepared and was consumed, and everyone else lived happily ever after. SLEEPING BEAUTY IN MUSIC Michele Carafa composed '' La Belle Au Bois Dormant '' in 1825 . Before Tchaikovsky's – 1829 , the French playwright furnished a four-act mimed scenario as a basis for Aumer's choreography of a four-act ballet- Pantomime '' La Belle Au Bois Dormant .'' Scribe wisely omitted the violence of the second part of Perrault's tale for the ballet, which was set by Hérold and first staged at the Académie Royale , Paris, April 27 , 1829 . Though Hérold popularized his piece with a piano ''Rondo brilliant'' based on themes from the music, he was not successful in getting the ballet staged again. When Ivan Vsevolozhsky , the Director of the Imperial Theatres in Saint Petersburg, wrote to Tchaikovsky on May 25 , 1888 , suggesting a ballet based on Perrault's tale, he also cut the violent second half, climaxed the action with the Awakening Kiss, and followed with a conventional festive last act, a series of bravura Variations . Although Tchaikovsky was maybe not all that eager to compose a new ballet (remembering that the reception of his '' Swan Lake '' ballet music, staged eleven seasons earlier, had only been lukewarm), he set to work with Vsevolovsky's scenario. The ballet, with Tchaikovsky's music (his Opus 66) and choreography by Marius Petipa , was premiered in the Saint Petersburg Maryinsky Theatre on January 24 , 1890 . Besides being Tchaikovsky's first major success in ballet composition, it set a new standard for what is now called "Classical Ballet", and remained one of the all time favourites in the whole of the ballet repertoire. '' Sleeping Beauty '' was the first ballet that impresario Sergei Diaghilev ever saw, he later recorded in his memoirs, and also the first that ballerinas Anna Pavlova and Galina Ulanova ever saw, and the ballet that introduced the Russian dancer Rudolph Nureyev to European audiences. Diaghilev staged the ballet himself in 1921 in London with the Ballets Russes . Choreographer George Balanchine made his stage debut as a gilded Cupid sitting on a gilded cage, in the last act ''divertissements''. Mimed and danced versions of the ballet survived in the distinctly British genre of Pantomime , with Carabosse, the evil fairy, a famous ''travesti'' role. WALT DISNEY'S ''SLEEPING BEAUTY'' See Also: Sleeping Beauty (1959 film) The Walt Disney Productions Animated Feature '' Sleeping Beauty '' was released on January 29 , 1959 by Buena Vista Distribution , and was at the time of its release the most expensive animated feature ever made. Disney spent nearly a decade working on the film, which was produced in the Super Technirama 70 Widescreen 70 Mm Film process with a Stereophonic Sound track. Its musical score and songs are adapted from Tchaikovsky's ballet, with Gothic -inspired character and background designs by painter Eyvind Earle . This tale includes three good fairies - Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather - and one evil fairy, Maleficent . In the Disney version, it is Maleficent herself that appears in the upper tower of the castle and creates the spinning wheel and spindle on which the princess, Aurora , pricks her finger. The film cost six million US dollars to produce, and only returned a revenue of three million dollars, nearly bankrupting the Disney studio. The film later gained a following, and is today considered one of the best animated features ever made. The vocal talents of Mary Costa ( Princess Aurora / Briar Rose), Eleanor Audley (Maleficent), Verna Felton (Flora), Barbara Jo Allen (Fauna), Barbara Luddy (Merryweather), and Bill Shirley (Prince Phillip) help make this film the success that it has become. SOURCES Perrault so transformed the tale of a sleeping beauty, "Sole, Luna, e Talia" in Giambattista Basile 's collection of tales, ''Il Pentamerone,'' that she is scarcely recognizable in the first part of the tale, the only part that is still current. Shared themes of violence, rape, rivalry and Cannibal ism appear in the second parts. Basile's was an adult tale told by an aristocrat for aristocrats, emphasizing concerns such as marital fidelity and inheritance. Perrault's is an aristocratic tale told for a high-bourgeois audience, inculcating female patience and passivity. There are earlier elements that contributed to the tale, in the medieval courtly romance '' Perceforest '' (published in 1528 ), in which a princess named Zellandine falls into an enchanted sleep and is raped by a wandering prince, resulting in the birth of their child. Earlier influences come from the story of the sleeping Brynhild in the '' Volsunga Saga '' and the tribulations of saintly female martyrs in early Christian Hagiography conventions. Mention should also be made of the later version by the Brothers Grimm , `Thorn Rose`. The brothers considered rejecting it on the grounds that it was derived from Perrault's version, but the presence of the Brynhild tale convinced them to include it as an authentically German tale. MYTH THEMES Among familiar themes and elements in Perrault's tale:
See Also: Weaving (mythology) USES OF SLEEPING BEAUTY
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