(or '''convulsions''') are temporary abnormal electrophysiologic phenomena of the
Brain , resulting in abnormal synchronization of electrical
Neuron al activity. They can manifest as an alteration in
Mental State , tonic or clonic movements and various other symptoms. They are due to temporary abnormal electrical activity of a group of
Brain cells. The medical syndrome of recurrent, unprovoked '''seizures''' is termed
Epilepsy .
The treatment of
Epilepsy is a subspecialty of
Neurology ; the study of seizures is part of
Neuroscience .
Seizures can cause involuntary changes in body movement or function, sensation, awareness, or behavior. A seizure can last from a few seconds to
Status Epilepticus , a continuous seizure that will not stop without intervention. Seizure is often associated with a sudden and involuntary contraction of a group of muscles. However, a seizure can also be as subtle as marching numbness of a part of body, a brief loss of
Memory , sparkling of flashes, sensing an unpleasant odor, a strange epigastric sensation or a sensation of fear. Therefore seizures are typically classified as
Motor ,
Sensory ,
Autonomic ,
Emotional or
Cognitive .
There are more than 21 different types of seizures. Unprovoked seizures are often associated with
Epilepsy and related
Seizure Disorder s. Causes of provoked seizures include
Head Trauma ,
Intoxication ,
Infection ,
Metabolic disturbances,
Withdrawal symptoms (from
Sedative s such as
Alcohol ,
Barbiturates and
Benzodiazepines ) and space-occupying processes in the brain (
Abscess es,
Tumor s). Seizures in (or shortly after) pregnancy can be a sign of
Eclampsia .
Some medications produce an increased risk of seizures and
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) deliberately sets out to induce a seizure. Many seizures have unknown causes.
Symptoms experienced by a person during a seizure depend on where in the brain the disturbance in electrical activity occurs. A person having a tonic-clonic seizure (also known as a ''grand mal'' seizure) may cry out, lose consciousness and fall to the ground, and convulse, often violently. A person having a
Complex Partial Seizure may appear confused or dazed and will not be able to respond to questions or direction. Some people have seizures that are not noticeable to others. Sometimes, the only clue that a person is having an absence (petit mal) seizure is rapid blinking or a few seconds of staring into space.
Some seizure types are:
- Petit Mal Seizure s (an Absence Seizure , or very brief loss of Consciousness ) typically have a sudden onset, present with motor arrest, sometimes eye blinking, and last a few seconds. In susceptible persons, these seizures can be induced by Hyperventilation . Additionally, some learning difficulties may be symptomatic of this form of seizure.
- Simple Partial Seizure s are usually motor or sensory seizures that are restricted to one part of the body, without alteration of consciousness.
- Complex Partial Seizure s are characterized by alteration or loss of consciousness, behavioral or emotional symptoms, loss of memory, and/or automatisms; temporal lobe and frontal lobe seizures are often in this category.
- Generalized tonic- Clonic seizures, also known as a grand mal seizures, rarely involve Auras and can be preceded by a sense of general Malaise . The tonic phase involves vocalization, severe hyperextension ( Opisthotonos , arcing of the back), possible Respiratory arrest, Cyanosis , and reflexive emptying of the Bladder . The clonic phase involves rhythmic generalised jerking, followed by prolonged unconsciousness. After a seizure, aches, pains, headache, lethargy, and a bitten tongue are common.
- Atonic Seizure s, also known as "drop attacks," begins with a brief loss of Muscle Tone that usually results in an abrupt fall, if standing.
- Myoclonic Seizure s are characterized by abnormal, lightning-fast muscle contractions.
It is still disputable whether
Febrile Seizure s have to be regarded as an epileptic disorder or not; the dispute hinges on whether
Fever is considered a provocant. Contributing to this dispute is the knowledge that most children with simple febrile seizures outgrow them with no lasting ill effect. By definition, a patient with two or more episodes of unprovoked seizures is said to have
Epilepsy (a condition also known as a
Seizure Disorder ). Many people with epilepsy perceive "
Aura s": telltale sensations such as strange lights, unpleasant smells or odd feelings before their seizures.
A person who is having seizures of any kind continuously, with little or no time separating one from the next, is said to be in "
Status Epilepticus ." This is a dangerous situation. It requires immediate emergency intervention, usually through the injection of appropriate anti-seizure drugs. When the person "in status" is
Pregnant , loss of the pregnancy is possible, raising the stakes even higher.
An isolated abnormal electrical activity recorded by an
Electroencephalography examination without a clinical presentation is not called a seizure. Nevertheless, they may identify background epileptogenic activity, as well as help identify particular causes of seizures.
Additional diagnostic methods include CT Scanning and MRI imaging or angiography. These may show structural lesions within the brain, but the majority of epileptics show nothing unusual.
As seizures have a
Differential Diagnosis , it is common for patients to be simultaneously investigated for cardiac and endocrine causes. Checking
Glucose levels, for example, in a mandatory action in the management of seizures as
Hypoglycemia may cause seizures, and failure to administer glucose would be harmful to the patient. Other causes typically considered are
Syncope and
Cardiac Arrhythmia s, and occasionally
Panic Attack s and
Cataplexy . For more information, see
Non-epileptic Seizures .
The first-aid for a seizure depends on the type of seizure occurring. Generalised seizures will cause the person to fall, which may result in injury. A tonic-clonic seizure results in violent movements that cannot and should not be suppressed. The person should never be restrained, nor should there be any attempt to put something in the mouth. Potentially sharp or dangerous objects should also be moved from the vicinity, so that the individual does not hurt him or herself. After the seizure, if the person is not fully conscious and alert, they should be placed in the
Recovery Position .
It is not necessary to call an ambulance if the person is known to have epilepsy, the seizure is shorter than 5 minutes and is typical for them, it is not immediately followed by another seizure, and the person is uninjured. Otherwise, or if in any doubt, medical assistance should be sought.
A seizure longer than 5 minutes is a medical emergency. Relatives and other carers of those known to have epilepsy often carry medicine such as rectal
Diazepam or
Buccal Midazolam in order to rapidly end the seizure.
Sometimes seizures can be "sensed" by the epileptic person minutes before it happens. In this case, it is advisable that one put some kind of head protection device on one's head, such as a
Helmet , and if one feels necessary, limb guards on appropriate limbs.
Some animals, such as dogs and cats, are also known to lie on top of epileptic children in order to hold them down and prevent them from injury in the case of seizure. Sometimes these animals can sense a seizure minutes, or even hours before it occurs, which may cause some unusual behavior in the animal that keeps trying to push the child down. Do not consider it aggressive behavior.
