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in the Néouvielle Natural Reserve .]] The Pyrenees ( in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain . They separate the Iberian Peninsula from France, and extend for about 430 Km (267 mi) from the Bay Of Biscay on the Atlantic Ocean to Cap De Creus on the Mediterranean Sea . For the most part the main crest forms the Franco-Spanish frontier, with Andorra sandwiched between them. The main exception to this rule is formed by the Val D'Aran , which belongs to Spain but lies on the north face of the range. Other minor Orographical anomalies include the Cerdanya Fall and the Spanish Exclave of the town Llívia . GEOGRAPHY , Aude , Ariège , Haute-Garonne , Hautes-Pyrénées , and Pyrénées-Atlantiques (the latter two of which include Pyrenees National Park ). The Pyrenees are also part of the following , Barcelona , Lleida , Huesca , Zaragoza , Navarre , and Gipuzkoa . The Pyrenees are also part of the independent principality of Andorra . )]] Physically , the Pyrenees are typically divided into three sections: the Central, the Atlantic or Western, and the Eastern. The Central Pyrenees extend eastward from the Port De Canfranc to the Val d'Aran, and include the highest summits of the range:
In the Atlantic Pyrenees the average elevation gradually decreases from east to west. In the Eastern Pyrenees, with the exception of one break at the eastern extremity of the Pyrénées Ariégeoises, the mean elevation is maintained with remarkable uniformity until a sudden decline occurs in the portion of the chain known as the Albères. GEOLOGY The Pyrenees are older than the s were first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Between 100 and 150 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous period, the Gulf of Gascony (Bay of Biscay) Fanned Out , pushing present-day Spain against France and putting large layers of sediment in a vice grip. The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust first affected the eastern part and stretched progressively to the entire chain, culminating in the Eocene epoch. The eastern part of the Pyrenees consists largely of Granite and Gneiss ose rocks, while in the western part the granite peaks are flanked by layers of Limestone . The massive and unworn character of the chain comes from its abundance of granite, which is particularly resistant to Erosion , as well as weak glacial development. LANDSCAPE Conspicuous features of Pyrenean scenery are:
The highest waterfall is that of Gavarnie (462 m or 1,515 ft), at the head of the Gave De Pau ; the Cirque De Gavarnie , in the same valley, is perhaps the most famous example of the ''cirque'' formation. Low passes are lacking; between the two ends of the range, where the principal roads and the railways run between France and Spain, there are only the Col De La Perche , between the valley of the Têt and the valley of the Segre , and the Col De Somport or Port de Canfranc, on the old Roman Road from Saragossa to Oloron-Sainte-Marie . A particularly notable feature is La Brèche De Roland , a gap in the ridge line, in tradition created by Roland . NATURAL RESOURCES .]] The metallic Ore s of the Pyrenees are not in general of much importance, though there were considerable Iron mines at Vie De Sos in Ariège and at the foot of Canigou in Pyrénées-Orientales . Coal deposits capable of being profitably worked are situated chiefly on the Spanish slopes but the French side has numerous beds of Lignite . The open pit of Trimoun (Ariège) is one of the greatest sources of talc in Europe. Mineral Spring s are abundant and very remarkable, and especially noteworthy are the Hot Spring s, in which the Alps, on the contrary, are very deficient. The hot springs, among which those of Bagnères-de-Luchon and Eaux-Chaudes may be mentioned, are Sulphur ous and mostly situated high, near the contact of the granite with the stratified rocks. The lower springs, such as those of Bagnères-de-Bigorre ( Hautes-Pyrénées ), Rennes-les-Bains ( Aude ) and Campagne (Aude), are mostly selenitic and not very warm. CLIMATE The amount of the Precipitation , including Rain and Snow , is much greater in the western than in the eastern Pyrenees, which leads to a marked contrast between these sections of the chain in more than one respect. In the first place, the eastern Pyrenees are without Glacier s, the quantity of snow falling there being insufficient to lead to their development. The glaciers are confined to the northern slopes of the central Pyrenees, and do not descend, like those of the Alps, far down in the valleys, but have their greatest length in the direction of the mountain chain. They form, in fact, a narrow zone near the crest of the highest mountains. Here, as in the other great mountain ranges of central Europe, there are evidences of a much wider extension of the glaciers during the Ice Age . The case of the glacier in the valley of Argelbs in the ''département'' of Hautes-Pyrénées is the best-known instance. The snow-line varies in different parts of the Pyrenees from 2700 to 2800 m above sea-level. FLORA AND FAUNA A still more marked effect of the preponderance of rainfall in the western half of the chain is seen in the vegetation. The lower mountains in the extreme west are very well wooded, but the extent of forest declines eastwards, and the eastern Pyrenees are peculiarly wild and barren, all the more since it is in this part of the chain that granitic masses prevail. There is a change, moreover, in the composition of the flora in passing from west to east. In the west the flora, at least in the north, resembles that of central Europe, while in the east it is distinctly Mediterranean in character, though the difference of latitude is only about 1°, on both sides of the chain from the centre whence the Corbières stretch north-eastwards towards the central plateau of France. The Pyrenees are relatively as rich in Endemic species as the Alps, and among the most remarkable instances of that endemism is the occurrence of the sole European species of '' Dioscorea '' ( Yam ), ''Dioscorea pyrenaica'', at a single high site in the central Pyrenees, and that of the monotypic genus '' Xatardia '', only on a high alpine pass between the Val D'Eynes and Catalonia . The genus most abundantly represented in the range is that of the Saxifrage s, several species of which are endemic here. In their fauna also the Pyrenees present some striking instances of endemism. The Pyrenean ''desman'' or water- Mole ('' Galemys Pyrenaicus '') is found only in some of the streams of the northern slopes of these mountains, the only other member of this genus being confined to the rivers of the Caucasus in southern Russia . The pyrenean eurpocte (Euproctus pyrenaicus), an endemic cousin of the salamander, also lives in streams and lakes located at high altitudes. Among the other peculiarities of the Pyrenean fauna are blind insects in the Cavern s of Ariège, the principal genera of which are '' Anophthalmus '' and '' Adelops ''. The Pyrenean Ibex mysteriously became extinct in January of 2000; the native Pyrenean Brown Bear was hunted to near-extinction in the 1990s but was re-introduced in 1996 when 3 bears were brought from Slovenia. The population has bred successfully and there are now believed to be about 15 brown bears in the central region around Fos, only 4 native ones are still living in Aspe valley. DEMOGRAPHICS The ethnology, ; Aragon ; Ariege ; Basque Country ; Béarn ; Catalonia ; Navarre ; Roussillon . For their history, see also Almogavars , Marca Hispanica . SPORTS Both sides of the Pyrenees are popular spots for winter sports such as Alpine Skiing and Mountaineering . '' Pyrena '' is a Mushing competition held in the Pyrenees. In the summer and autumn, the Pyrenees are featured in two of cycling's grand tours, the Tour De France held annually in July and La Vuelta A España held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often the defining moments of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region. Ski resorts Ski resorts in the Pyrenees include
SUMMITS The highest point of the Pyrenees is the Aneto , located on the Spanish side. Highest summits
Famous summits below 3,000 m
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