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|name=Persian |nativename=فارسی (Transliteration: fārsi), پارسی (Transliteration:pārsi) |states= Iran ( Persia ), Afghanistan , Tajikistan , and neighboring countries. |region= Middle East , Central Asia |speakers=61 million native 110 million total |rank=19th (native speakers) |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2= Indo-Iranian |fam3= Iranian |fam4= Western Iranian |fam5= Southwestern Iranian |nation= Iran , Tajikistan , Afghanistan |agency= Academy Of Persian Language And Literature Academy Of Sciences Of Afghanistan |iso1=fa|iso2b=per|iso2t=fas |lc1=prs|ld1=Eastern Persian |lc2=pes|ld2=Western Persian |lc3=tgk|ld3=Tajik|ll3=Tajik language |lc4=aiq|ld4=Aimaq|ll4=Aimaq language |lc5=bhh|ld5=Bukharic|ll5=Bukharic language |lc6=deh|ld6=Dehwari|ll6=Dehwari language |lc7=drw|ld7=Darwazi|ll7=Darwazi language |lc8=haz|ld8=Hazaragi|ll8=Hazaragi language |lc9=jpr|ld9=Dzhidi|ll9=Dzhidi language |lc10=phv|ld10=Pahlavani|ll10=Pahlavani language}} Persian (known variously as:
is a language spoken in language family, and is of the Subject Object Verb type. UNESCO was asked to select Persian as one of its languages in 2006. {Link without Title} History Persian is a member of the and Old Persian ) → Middle Iranian (Pahlavi Middle Persian and several other languages) → Modern Iranian (Persian, Pashto , Kurdish , and several other languages), c. 900 to present. Old Persian , the main language of the Achaemenid inscriptions, should not be confused with the non-Indo-European Elamite Language (see Behistun Inscription ). Over this period, the Morphology of the language was simplified from the complex Conjugation and Declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely regularized morphology and rigid Syntax of Modern Persian, in a manner often described as paralleling the development of English . Additionally, many words were introduced from neighboring languages, including Aramaic and Greek in earlier times, and later Arabic and to a lesser extent Turkish . In more recent times, some Western European words have entered the language (notably from French and English ). The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries. Due to technological developments, new words and idioms are created and enter into Persian like any other language. In Tehran the Academy Of Persian Language And Literature is a center that evaluates the new words in order to initiate and advise their Persian equivalents. In Afghanistan, the Academy Of Sciences Of Afghanistan does the same for Afghan Persian (among other languages). Nomenclature
The Academy of Persian Language and Literature as well as many lexicographers have announced that “Farsi” is not the appropriate term to use for the Persian language in English. In the ISO 639-1 , the local names form the basis for the language codes and for this reason “fa” is the designation for the Persian language in that system. Dialects and close languages Communication is generally mutually intelligible between Iranians, Tajiks, and Persian-speaking Afghans; however, by popular definition:
Ethnologue offers another classification for dialects of Persian language. According to this source, dialects of this language include the following: {Link without Title}
The following are some of the closely related languages of various Iranian peoples within modern Iran proper:
Orthography 's personal handwriting; a typical Cursive Persian script.]] The vast majority of modern Persian text is written in a form of the Arabic Alphabet . In recent years the Latin Alphabet has been used by some for technological or internationalization reasons. Tajik , which is considered by many linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by Russian , is written with the Cyrillic Alphabet in Tajikistan (but not in Afghanistan). Arabic Alphabet See Also: Persian alphabet Modern Persian is normally written using a modified variant of the Arabic Alphabet with different pronunciation of the letters. Script adoption After the conversion of '' and was a modified version of the Aramaic Alphabet , and the other was a native Iranian alphabet called '' Dîndapirak '' (literally: religion script). Additions The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet, due to the fact that four sounds that exist in Persian do not exist in Arabic , as they come from separate language families. Some people call this modified alphabet the '' Perso-Arabic Alphabet ''. The additional four letters are: Variations Many Persian words with an Arabic root are spelled differently from the original Arabic word. ''Alef with hamza below'' ( إ ) always changes to ''alef'' ( ا ); ''teh marbuta'' ( ة ) usually, but not always, changes to ''teh'' ( ت ) or ''heh'' ( ه ); and words using various Hamza s get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that مسؤول becomes مسئول). The letters different in shape are: The diacritical marks used in the Arabic script, a.k.a. '' Harakat '', are also used in Persian, although some of them have different pronunciations. For example, an Arabic '' Damma '' is pronounced /u/, while in Persian it is pronounced /o/. The Persian variant also adds the notion of a pseudo-space to the Arabic script, called a Zero-width Non-joiner (ZWNJ) by the Unicode Standard . It acts like a space in disconnecting two otherwise-joining adjacent letters, but does not have a visual width. Extensions to other languages The features of the Persian variant have been taken for other languages, such as Pashto or Urdu , and have sometimes been further extended with new letters or punctuation. Latin Alphabet The Universal Persian ( UniPers / Pârsiye Jahâni) Alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet created over 50 years ago in Iran and popularized by Mohamed Keyvan, who used it in a number of Persian textbooks for foreigners and travellers. It sidesteps the difficulties of the traditional Arabic-based alphabet, with its multiple letter shapes and ambiguous spellings, and fits particularly well in contemporary electronically written media. The "International Persian Alphabet" ( IPA2 ) commonly called '''Pársik''', is another Latin-based alphabet developed in recent years mainly by A. Moslehi, a comparative linguist, as a project defined and maintained under the authority of [http://www.persiandirect.com/ Persian Linguistics Association . It is claimed to be the most accurate and regular one among Latin-based Persian alphabets in which many linguistic aspects of Modern Persian have been observed; however, its rules are not as simple as that of UniPers. Fingilish , or '''Penglish''', is the name given to texts written in Persian using the Basic Latin Alphabet . It is most commonly used in Chat , Email s and SMS applications. Phonology Main article: Persian Phonology The Persian language has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including two affricates (ch) and (j). Historically, Persian distinguished length: the long vowels , , contrasting with the short vowels , , respectively. Modern spoken Persian, however, generally does not make this distinction anymore.
''Note that ' and ' are affricates, not stops.'' Grammar Main article: Persian Grammar Suffixes predominate Persian morphology, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number. There is no Grammatical Gender for nouns, nor are pronouns marked for Natural Gender . Normal declarative sentences are structured as “(S) (PP) (O) V”. This means sentences can be comprised of optional Subjects , Prepositional Phrase s, and Objects , followed by a required Verb . If the object is specific, then the object is followed by the word ''rɑ:'' and precedes prepositional phrases: “(S) (O + “rɑ:”) (PP) V” . Vocabulary There are many Loanword s in the Persian language, mostly coming from Arabic , English , French , and the Turkic Languages . Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially Indo-Iranian Languages and Turkic Languages . Many Persian words have also found their way into the English language. See List Of English Words Of Persian Origin . See also
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