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Velikiy Novgorod () is the foremost historic city of North-Western Census ); geographical location: History See Also: Novgorod Republic Novgorod is the most ancient Slavic city recorded in Russia. The chronicle first mentions it in 859 , when it was already a major station on the Trade Route From The Baltics To Byzantium . The Varangian name of the city ''Holmgard'' (also ''Holmgarðr'', ''Hólmgarður'', ''Holmgaard'', ''Holmegård'') is mentioned in Norse Saga s as existing at a yet earlier stage, but historical facts cannot here be disentangled from legend. Originally, Holmgard referred only to the stronghold southeast of the present-day city, Riurikovo Gorodishche (named in comparatively modern time after Rurik , who supposedly made it his "capital"). Archeological data suggests that the Gorodische, the residence of the Knyaz (Prince), dates from the middle of 9th Century , whereas the town itself dates only from the end of the 9th century, hence the name Novgorod, "new city". By the mid- 10th Century , however, Novgorod had become a fully developed Medieval city. (1862)]] In 882 , Rurik's successor, Oleg Of Novgorod , captured Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus . In that state Novgorod was the second city in importance. According to a custom, the elder son and heir of the ruling Kievan prince was sent to rule Novgorod even as a minor. In Norse Saga s the city is mentioned as the capital of Gardariki (e.g., the East Slavic lands). Four Viking kings - Olav I Of Norway , Olav II Of Norway , Magnus I Of Norway , and Harald Haardraade - sought refuge in Novgorod from enemies at home. Of all their princes, Novgorodians cherished most the memory of Yaroslav The Wise , who promulgated first written code of laws (later incorporated into Russkaya Pravda ) and sponsored the construction of the great St Sophia Cathedral, standing to this day. As a sign of gratitude for helping him to defeat his elder brother and obtain the Kievan throne, Yaroslav conferred numerous privileges on the city. On the other hand, Novgorodians named their central square after Yaroslav. In 1136 , Novgorod Merchant s and Boyar s seceded from Kiev , banished their prince and proclaimed the Novgorod Republic . The powerful City State controlled most of Europe's North-East, from today's Estonia to the Ural Mountains. The most important figure in Novgorod was the Posadnik , an official elected by the popular assembly (called Veche ) from the city's Aristocracy . The Novgorod court was formally presided over by the Prince (also elected by the Veche), but his verdicts had to be confirmed by the Posadnik to become binding. In the 13th century, the city joined Hanseatic League . Throughout the Middle Ages, the city throve culturally. Most of the population was literate and used Birch Bark Letters for communication. When Paris and London were drowning in mud, Novgorod was praised by foreigners for its paved embankments and clean streets. Some of the most ancient Russian chronicles were written in the city. The Novgorod merchant Sadko became a popular hero of Russian Folklore . The city's downfall was a result of its inability to feed its large population, making it dependent on the Vladimir-Suzdal region for grain. The main cities in this area, Moscow and Tver , used this dependence to gain control over Novgorod. Eventually Ivan III annexed the city to Muscovy in 1478 . Novgorod remained the third largest Russian city, however, until Ivan The Terrible sacked the city and slaughtered thousands of its inhabitants in 1570 . In 1727 , Novgorod was made an administrative centre of the Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire , which was detached from Saint Petersburg Governorate (see Administrative Divisions Of Russia In 1727-1728 ). On August 15 , 1941 it was occupied by the Nazi army. Its historic monuments were systematically annihilated. When the Red Army liberated the city on January 19 , 1944 , out of 2536 stone buildings less than 40 were still standing. After the WWII , the downtown has been gradually restored. Its chief monuments are declared the World Heritage Site . In 1998 , the city was officially renamed Velikiy Novgorod, thus partly reverting to its medieval title "Lord Novgorod the Great". Sights (1045) was regarded by medieval Novgorodians as symbolic of their independence.]] No other Russian or Ukrainian city may compete with Novgorod in the variety and age of its medieval monuments. The foremost among these is the St Sophia Cathedral , built in the 1040s at the behest of Yaroslav The Wise . It is the best preserved of 11th century churches, and the first one to represent original features of Russian architecture (austere stone walls, five helmet-like cupolas). Its frescoes were painted in the 12th century and renovated in the 1860s. The cathedral features famous bronze gates, made in Magdeburg in 1156 and reportedly snatched by Novgorodians from the Swedish capital Sigtuna in 1187 . Novgorod Kremlin , traditionally known as ''Detinets'', also contains the oldest palace in Russia (the so-called Chamber of the Facets, 1433), the oldest Russian bell tower (mid-15th cent.), and the oldest Russian clock tower (1673). Among later structures, the most remarkable are a royal palace (1771) and a bronze monument to the Millennium Of Russia , representing the most important figures from the country's history (unveiled in 1862 ). Outside kremlin walls, there are three cathedrals constructed during the reign of (1113-23), containing frescoes of Mstislav's family, graces Yaroslav's Court (formerly the chief square of Novgorod Republic). The Yuriev Monastery (probably the oldest in Russia, 1030) contains a gloomy Romanesque cathedral from 1119 . A similar three-domed cathedral (1117), probably designed by the same masters, stands in the Antoniev Monastery. There are numerous ancient churches scattered throughout the city. Some of them were blown up by the Nazis and subsequently restored. The most ancient pattern is represented by those dedicated to Sts Peter and Pavel (on the Swallow's Hill, 1185-92), to Annunciation (in Myachino, 1179), to Assumption (on Volotovo Field, 1180s) and to St Paraskeva (at Yaroslav's Court, 1207). The greatest masterpiece of early Novgorod architecture is the Saviour church at Nereditsa (1198). In the 13th century, there was a vogue for tiny churches of three-paddled design. These are represented by a small chapel in Peryn (1230s) and St Nicholas' on the Lipnya Islet (1292, also notable for its 14th-century frescoes). The next century saw development of two original church designs, one of them culminating in St Theodor's church (1360-61, fine frescoes from 1380s), and another one leading to the Saviour church on Ilyina street (1374, painted in 1378 by Feofan Grek ). The Saviour' church in Kovalevo (1345) admittedly reflects Serban influence. During the last century of republican government, some new temples were consecrated to Sts Peter and Paul (on Slavna, 1367; in Kozhevniki, 1406), to Christ's Nativity (at the Cemetery, 1387), to St John the Apostle's (1384), to the Holy Apostles (1455), to St Demetrius (1467), to St Simeon (1462), and other saints. Generally, they are not thought so innovative as the churches from the previous epoch. Several 12th-century shrines (i.e., in Opoki) were demolished brick by brick and then reconstructed exactly as they used to be. Novgorod's conquest by (1515), the Cathedral of the Sign (1688), the Nicholas Cathedral of Vyaschizhy Monastery (1685). Nevertheless, some parochial churches were still styled in keeping with traditions of local art: e.g., the churches of Holy Wives (1510) and of Sts Boris and Gleb (1586). In the village of Vitoslavlitsy, on the road from Novgorod to the Yuriev Monastery , a museum of ancient wooden art was established. Many wooden churches, houses and mills, some of the dating to the 14th century, were transported there from all around the Novgorod region. Transportation Novgorod has connections to Moscow (531 km) and St. Petersburg (189 km) by the federal highway M10 (E95). There are public shuttle buses to Moscow, Petersburg, and other directions. The city has direct railway passenger connections to Moscow (to Leningradsky Rail Terminal , by night trains), St. Petersburg (by Suburban Train s) and major cities of northwestern Russia such as Pskov and Murmansk . The city's Yurievo airport does not serve regular flights since the middle 1990s. The nearest international aiport is Pulkovo . Sister cities
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