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The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 386 - 534 ) is most noted for the unification of northern China in 440 , it was also heavily involved in funding the arts and many antiques and art works from this period have survived.

In 493 AD the dynasty moved its capital from Datong to Luoyang and started the construction of the artificial Longmen Caves . More than 30,000 Buddhist images from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves.

It is thought the dynasty originated from the Tuoba clan of the non- Han Xianbei tribe. The Tuobas renamed themselves the Yuans as a part of systematic Sinicization .

The official state religion was Taoism as a result of the influence of Kou Qianzhi (K'ou Ch'ien-chih).

Towards the end of the dynasty there was signicant internal dissidence resulting in a split into Eastern Wei Dynasty and Western Wei Dynasty .


Unusual features of the early Northern Wei state

Early in Northern Wei history, the state inherited a number of traditions from its initial history as a Xianbei tribe, and some of the more unusual ones, from a traditional Chinese standpoint:

  • The officials did not receive salaries, but were expected to requisition the necessities of their lives directly from the people they governed. As the empire's history progressed, this appeared to be a major contributing factor leading to corruption among officials. Not until the second century of the empire's existence did the state begin to distribute salaries to its officials.


  • Empresses were not named according to imperial favors or nobility of birth, but required that the candidates submit themselves to a ceremony where they had to personally forge golden statues, as a way of discerning divine favor. Only an imperial consort who was successful in forging a golden statue could become the empress.


  • All men, regardless of ethnicity, were ordered to tie their hair into a single braid that would then be rolled and place on top of the head, and then have a cap worn over the head.


  • When a Crown Prince is named, his mother, if still alive, must be forced to commit suicide. (Some historians do not believe this to be a Tuoba traditional custom, but believed it to be a tradition instititued by the founding emperor Emperor Daowu based on Emperor Wu Of Han 's execution of his favorite concubine Consort Zhao, the mother of his youngest son Liu Fuling (the eventual Emperor Zhao), before naming Prince Fuling crown prince.)


  • As a result, because emperors would not have mothers, they often honored their Wet Nurse s with the honorific title, "Nurse Empress Dowager" (保太后, bǎo tài hòu).


As sinicization of the Northern Wei state progressed, these customs and traditions were gradually abandoned.


Sovereigns of the Northern Wei Dynasty