Neoliberalism (international Relations)

In the study of International Relations (IR), neoliberalism refers to a school of thought which believes that nation-states are, or at least should be, concerned first and foremost with Absolute Gain s (economic, strategic, etc.), rather than Relative Gain s to other nation-states. The notion is often connected with Neoliberal economic theory.

ASSUMPTIONS AND PREDICTIONS

Neoliberal IR thinkers often employ Game Theory to explain why states do or do not cooperate; since their approach tends to emphasize the possibility of mutual wins, they are interested in institutions which can arrange jointly profitable arrangements and compromises.

Neoliberalism is a response to Neorealism ; while not denying the anarchic nature of the international system, neoliberals argue that its importance and effect has been exaggerated. The neoliberal argument is focused on the neorealists' underestimation of "the varieties of cooperative behaviorpossible within... a decentralized system." ¹ Both theories, however, consider the state and its interests as the central subject of analysis; Neoliberalism may have a wider conception of what those interests ''are''.

In terms of the scope of International Theory , the debate between Neoliberalism and Neorealism is an intra paradigm one, as both theories are positivist and focus mainly on state as the primary unit of analysis.

DEVELOPMENT

Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye are considered the founders of this school of thought; Keohane's book '' After Hegemony '' is a classic of the genre. Another major influence is the Hegemonic Stability Theory of Stephen Krasner , Charles Kindleberger , and others.

CRITICISM

Keohane and Nye

Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, in response to neorealism, develop an opposing theory they dub " in international politics. ''Ibid''., 23-24.

The heart of Keohane and Nye’s argument is that in international politics there are, in fact, multiple channels that connect societies exceeding the conventional Westphalian system of states. This manifests itself in many forms ranging from informal governmental ties to Multinational Corporations and organizations. Here they define their terminology; interstate relations are those channels assumed by realists; transgovernmental relations occur when one relaxes the realist assumption that states act coherently as units; Transnational applies when one removes the assumption that states act coherently. It is through these channels that political exchange occurs, not through the limited interstate channel as championed by realists.

Secondly, Keohane and Nye, aver that there is, in fact, not a hierarchy among issues, meaning that not only is the martial arm of foreign policy not the supreme tool by which to carry out a states agenda, there are a multitude of different agendas that come to the fore. The line between domestic and foreign policy become blurred in this case, as realistically there is no clear agenda in interstate relations.

Finally, the use of military force is not exercised when complex interdependence prevails. The idea is developed that between countries in which a complex interdependence exists, the role of the military in resolving the dispute is negated. However, Keohane and Nye go on to state that the role of the military in fact is important to that "alliance’s political and military relations with a rival bloc."

Lebow

Richard Ned Lebow , who states that the failure of neo-realism lies in its “institutionalist” ontology, where as Kenneth Waltz states, “the creators the system become the creatures of the market that their activity gave rise to.” This critical failure, according to Lebow, is due to the realists’ inability “to escape from the predicament of anarchy.” Or rather, the assumption that states do not adapt and will respond similarly to similar constraints and opportunities. Waltz, 90; quoted in Richard Ned Lebow, “The long peace, the end of the cold war, and the failure of realism,” International Organization, 48, 2 (Spring 1994), 273

Mearsheimer

Norman Angell , a classical LSE liberal, had held: "We cannot ensure the stability of the present system by the political or military preponderance of our nation or alliance by imposing its will on a rival." Norman Angell, The Great Illusion, (1909) cited from 1933 ed. (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons),p. 137.

Keohane and Lisa L. Martin expound upon these ideas in the mid 1990s as a response to , NATO , GATT , and regional trading organizations.” Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” International Security 20, no. 1 (Summer 1995), 47. This idea is in keeping with the notion of complex interdependence. Moreover, Keohane and Martin argue that the fact that international institutions are created in response to state interests, that the real empirical question is “knowing how to distinguish the effects of underlying conditions from those from those of the institutions themselves.” ''Ibid.''

Mearsheimer, however, is concerned with ‘inner-directed’ institutions, which he states, “seek to cause peace by influencing the behavior of the member states.” In doing so he dismisses Keohane and Martin’s NATO argument in favor of the example of the European Community (EC) and the International Energy Agency. According to Mearsheimer, the NATO argument is an alliance and is interested in “an outside state, or coalition of states, which the alliance aims to deter, coerce, or defeat in war.” Mearsheimer reasons that since NATO is an alliance it has special concerns and concedes this point to Keohane and Martin. Mearsheimer, 83-87.

Mearsheimer attacks Martin’s research on the EC, particularly her argument on Argentine sanctions by Britain during the Falklands war, which were affected by Britain’s linking of issues in context of the EC. Mearsheimer, purports that the United States was is not a member of the EC and yet the US and Britain managed to cooperate on sanctions, effectively creating an ad hoc alliance which effected change in its member states.

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Neoliberalism (international Relations)