Natufian

Citation:
Windows on Humanity by Conrad Phillip Kottak. Chapter 7,pg. 155-156.

DATING

Radiocarbon dates of 12,500-10,200 BP (before Present=1950, uncal.) place this culture just before the end of the Pleistocene .

SETTLEMENTS

The houses of the Natufian are semi-subterranean, often with a dry-stone foundation. However they were located in the woodland belt where oak and pistachio were prevailing species. The underbrush of this open woodland was grass with high frequencies of grain. The high mountains of Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the steppe areas of the Negev desert in Israel and Sinai, and the Syro-Arabian desert in the east put up only small Natufian living areas due to both their lower carrying capacity and the company of other groups of foragers who denuded this large region. The superstructure was probably made of brushwood. No traces of Mudbrick s have been found that became common in the following Pre-Pottery Neolithic A , abbreviated PPN A. The round houses have a diameter between 3-6 m, they contain a central round or subrectangular fireplace. In Ain Mallaha traces of Posthole s have been identified. These could have been used for rituals by the leader of the group. Villages can cover over 1,000 square meters. Smaller settlements have been interpreted as less permanent abodes (camps). Traces of rebuilding in almost all excavated settlements seem to point to a frequent relocation. This then indicates a temporary abandonment of the settlement. Settlements have been estimated to house 100-150, but there are three categories: small, median, and large, ranging from 15 m sq. to 1,000 m sq. of people. There are almost no indications of storage facilities.

SEDENTISM

A sedentary life may have been made possible by abundant resources due to a favourable sickles for harvesting, and mortars, grinding stones, and storage pits.

LITHICS

The Natufien has a Microlithic industry, made on short Blade s and bladelets. The Microburin -technique was used. Geometric Microliths include lunates, trapezes and triangles. There are Backed Blades as well. A special type of Retouch (Helwan) is characteristic for the early Natufien. In the late Natufien, the Harif-point, a typical Arrowhead made from a regular blade, became common in the Negev . Some scholars use it to define a separate culture, the Harifian .

Sickle Blade s made on blades appear for the first time. The characteristic Sickle-gloss shows that they have been used to cut the silica-rich stems of cereals and form an indirect proof for incipient agriculture. Shaft straighteners made of Ground Stone indicate the practice of Archery . There are heavy ground-stone bowl Mortar s as well.

OTHER FINDS

There is a rich bone industry, including Harpoon s and fish-hooks. Stone and bone was worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are a few human figurines made of limestone (El-Wad, Ain Mallaha, Ain Sakhri), but the favourite subject of representative art seems to have been the gazelle. Ostrich-shell containers have been found in the Negev .

SUBSISTENCE

The Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. The preservation of plant remains is poor because of the soil conditions, but wild cereals, legumes, Almond s, Acorn s and Pistachio s may have been collected. Animal bones show that Gazelle (''Gazella gazella'' and ''Gazella subgutturosa'') were the main prey. Additionally Deer , wild Cattle and Wild Boar were hunted in the Steppe zone Onager s and caprids (Ibex) as well. Water fowl and freshwater fish formed part of the diet in the Jordan-valley. Animal bones from Salibiya I (12,300–10,800 BP) have been interpreted as evidence for communal hunts with nets.

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

According to one theory (described in 4), it was a sudden change in Climate , the Younger Dryas event, that inspired the development of agriculture. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year-long interruption in the higher temperatures prevailing since the last Ice Age , which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. This would have endangered the wild cereals, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but upon which the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary population. By artificially clearing scrub and planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, they began to practice agriculture.

DOMESTICATED DOG

The Natufian culture was also among the first to Domesticate Dog s. The close bond between the people and their dogs is evident in Burial s at Ein Mallaha in what is now Northern Israel (12,000 BP). One Grave features an elderly human of unknown sex, with the left hand cradling the thorax of a six month old dog, jackal or wolf puppy. Another combined dog-human burial has been found at the Hayonim Terrace .

BURIALS

Burials are located in the settlements, commonly in pits in abandoned houses but also in caves in Mount Carmel and the Judean Hills. The pits were backfilled with settlement refuse, which sometimes makes the identification of grave-goods difficult. Sometimes the graves were covered with limestone slabs. The inhumations are stretched on their backs or flexed, there is no predominant orientation. There are both single and multiple burials, especially in the early Natufian, and scattered human remains in the settlements that point to disturbed earlier graves. The rate of Child Mortality is rather high. It was comprised of about one-third of the dead between ages five and seven.
Skull removal has been practiced in Hayonim cave, Nahal Oren and Ain Mallaha. Sometimes the skulls were decorated with shell beads (El-Wad).
Grave goods consist mainly of personal ornaments, like beads made of shell, teeth (red deer), bones and stone. There are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings and belt-ornaments as well.

LONG DISTANCE EXCHANGE

At Ein Mallaha, Anatolian Obsidian and shellfish from the Nile -valley have been found. The source of Malachite -beads is still unknown.

SITES

Natufian Sites include:

Tell Abu Hureyra , Mureybat , Yabrud III (Syria)

Hayonim Terrace , Ein Mallaha (Eynan) , Beidha , Ein Gev , Hayonim Nahal Oren , Salibiya I, Jericho (Israel)

Jiita III, Borj el-Barajné, Saaidé, Aamiq II (Lebanon)

El-Wad and Shuqba .

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Natufian