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Measures of national income and output are used in Economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. They use a system of '''national accounts''' or '''national accounting''' first developed during the 1940s. Some of the more common measures are '''Gross National Product (GNP)''', ''' Gross Domestic Product (GDP)''', ''' Gross National Income (GNI)''', ''' Net National Product (NNP)''', and ''' Net National Income (NNI)'''. Formerly in the Soviet Union and its satellite states COMECON , Net Material Product (NMI) was estimated (NNP-Services). In relation to greening the national accounts the United States Congressional Budget Office concludes "a gradual process of modifying measures of national economic performance is consistent with the history and development of the national accounts." {Link without Title} There are at least two or three different ways of calculating these numbers. The expenditure approach determines aggregate demand, or Gross National Expenditure, by summing consumption, investment, government expenditure and net exports. On the other hand, the '''income approach''' and the closely related '''output approach''' can be seen as the summation of consumption, savings and taxation. The three methods must yield the same results because the total expenditures on goods and services (GNE) must by definition be equal to the value of the goods and services produced (GNP) which must be equal to the total income paid to the factors that produced these goods and services (GNI). In actual fact, there will be minor differences in the results obtained from the various methods due to changes in inventory levels. This is because goods in inventory have been produced (and therefore included in GDP), but not yet sold (and therefore not yet included in GNE). Similar timing issues can also cause a slight discrepancy between the value of goods produced (GDP) and the payments to the factors that produced the goods, particularly if inputs are purchased on credit. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final Goods and Services produced in a year by a country's nationals (including profits from capital held abroad). Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed rather than used in the production of another good. For example, a Car sold to a consumer is a final good; the components such as tires sold to the Car Manufacturer are not; they are '' Intermediate Good s'' used to make the final goods. The same tires, if sold to a consumer, would be a final goods. Only final goods are included when measuring national income. If intermediate goods were included too, this would lead to double counting; for example, the value of the tires would be counted once when they are sold to the car manufacturer, and again when the car is sold to the Consumer . Only newly produced goods are counted. Transactions in existing goods, such as second-hand cars, are not included, as these do not involve the production of new goods. s of any German workers on the site would be part of German GNP. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) is the total value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year. GDP counts income according to where it is earned rather than who owns the factors of production. In the above example, all of the income from the car factory would be counted as US GDP rather than German GDP. To convert from GNP to GDP you must subtract factor income receipts from foreigners that correspond to goods and services produced abroad using factor inputs supplied by domestic sources. To convert from GDP to GNP you must add factor input payments to foreigners that correspond to goods and services produced in the domestic country using the factor inputs supplied by foreigners. GDP is a better measure of the state of production in the short term. GNP is better when analysing sources and uses of income. GROSS VALUE ADDED The Gross value added is GDP - Taxes On Products + Subsidies On Products = GVA GVA + taxes on products - subsidies on products = GDP DEPRECIATION AND NET NATIONAL PRODUCT Not all of GNP is available to produce final goods and services - part of it represents output that is set aside to maintain the nation's productive capacity. Capital goods, such as buildings and machinery, lose value over time due to wear and tear and obsolescence. Depreciation measures the amount of GNP that must be spent on new capital goods to offset this effect. In the Income Approach:
S = personal savings C = personal consumption PDI = personal disposable income TP = personal taxes paid TPP = personal transfer payments received from governments PI = personal income RE = retained earnings TC = corporate taxes TPC = corporate transfer payments from governments IG = interest on the public debt NNI = net national income TIN = indirect taxes NNP = net national product D = depreciation GNP = gross national product :S + C = PDI :S + C + TP - TPP = PI :S + C + TP - TPP + RE + TC - TPC - IG = NNI :S + C + TP - TPP + RE + TC - TPC - IG + TIN = NNP :S + C + TP - TPP + RE + TC - TPC - IG + TIN + D = GNP REAL AND NOMINAL VALUES Nominal GNP measures the value of output during a given year using the prices prevailing during that year. Over time, the general level of prices rise due to Inflation , leading to an increase in nominal GNP even if the volume of goods and services produced is unchanged. Real GNP measures the value of output in two or more different years by valuing the goods and services adjusted for inflation. For example, if both the "nominal GNP" and price level doubled between 1995 and 2005, the "real GNP" would remain the same. For year over year GNP growth, "real GNP" is usually used as it gives a more accurate view of the economy. NATIONAL INCOME AND WELFARE GNP per person is often used as a measure of people's welfare. Countries with higher GNP often score highly on other measures of welfare, such as Life Expectancy . However, there are serious limitations to the usefulness of GNP as a measure of welfare:
Because of this, other measures of welfare such as the Human Development Index (HDI), Index Of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) and Sustainable National Income (SNI) have been suggested. NATIONAL ACCOUNTING FORMULAS (EXPENDITURE APPROACH) C = Personal consumption expenditures I = Gross private domestic investment G = Government consumption expenditures X = Net exports of goods and services M = Net imports of goods and services NR= Net income from assets abroad (net income receipts) CC = Consumption of fixed capital IBT = Indirect business taxes NDP = Net Domestic Product NI = National Income PI = Personal Income DI = Disposable income GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) GNP = C + I + G + (X - M) + NR NI = C + I + G + (X - M) + NR - CC - IBT The Flow of Income GDP - depreciation = NDP NDP - IBT + net foreign factor income = NI NI - corporate taxes - retained eranings - social security + transfer payments + net interest = PI PI - personal taxes = DI UNITED STATES INCOME AND OUTPUT To give an example of the components and their size. ( {Link without Title} ) SEE ALSO
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