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: '' Cyrillic letters in this article are Romanized using Scientific Transliteration . HISTORY The name is first recorded in the fifteenth-century to describe a non-specific borderland, and not a particular place. In subsequent centuries, the name was also taken to refer to the south-western borderlands of , ''uralskie ukrainy'' referred to the lands stretching beyond the Ural . In two fifteenth-century Pskovian chronicles and the Tale of the Battle Of Kulikovo , ''ukraina'' stood for the territory currently known as the Abrene District . ''Ukraina Terskaja'' still refers in local parlance to the southern shore of the Kola Peninsula ( Vasmer {Link without Title} ). In the sixteenth century, Polish sources used the Polish form ''Ukrajina'' to describe the large eastern palatinate of Kiev, including Bratslav after 1569 and Chernihiv after 1619. Seventeenth-century Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host used the term in a more poetic sense, to refer to their 'fatherland' or their 'mother'. Western cartographers including Beauplan and Homman drew maps indicating "Ukraine is the land of the Cossacks." After the decline of Polish rule, the name fell into disuse. The Cossack state became the autonomous Hetmanate owing fealty to Muscovy, and eventually became the Russian Imperial Guberniya of Little Russia (''Malorossija''). The name ''Ukraine'' stuck to the Cossack territories near Kharkov , alternatively known as the Sloboda Ukraine (literally, 'borderland of the Sloboda s'). During the nineteenth century a cultural and political debate arose among Ukrainians and others about their national status, in both Imperial Russia and Austro-Hungarian Galicia . The 'Russophiles', who saw Moscow and St. Petersburg as the centres of East Slavic culture considered themselves ethnic Little Russians (''Malorossy''), part of the Great Russia n people. The 'Old Ruthenians' in Galicia saw themselves as inheritors of the heritage of Kievan Rus’ through the Galician-Volhynian Kingdom —they stuck to the traditional self-appelation Ruthenians (''Rusyny'', as opposed to ''Russkije'' 'Russians', both words being Cognates Of ''Rus’'' ). However, others saw themselves as an independent nation of East Slavs, south of Russia and stretching between Poland and the Caucasus. In the 1830s, Mykola Kostomarov and his Brotherhood Of Saints Cyril And Methodius in Kiev started to use the name ''Ukrainians'' (''Ukrajinci''). Their work was suppressed by Russian authorities, and associates including Taras Shevchenko were sent into internal exile, but the idea gained acceptance. It was also taken up by Volodymyr Antonovych and the ''Khlopomany'' ('peasant-lovers'), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the 'Ukrainophiles' in Galicia, including Ivan Franko . By the beginning of the twentieth century, ''Ukrajina'' superseded ''Malorossija'' in popularity and came to be applied to the whole of modern-day Ukraine, minus the Crimea . After the Russian Revolution Of 1917 , the name ''Ukraine'' was finally applied to a specific geographic territory. The Ukrainian People's Republic (later incorporating the West Ukrainian National Republic ), the Ukrainian Hetmanate , and the Bolshevik Party which created the Ukrainian SSR by 1920 (helping found the Soviet Union in 1922), each named their state ''Ukraine''. In 1991, Ukraine became an independent state. ETYMOLOGY
SYNTAX Ukraine or ''the'' Ukraine? In '', which is used as a proper name and is not perceived as a compound "the Dane-mark" any longer, while ''Netherlands'' continues to be perceived as a plural "the nether lands". Preposition usage in Ukrainian and Russian In Ukrainian and Russian , there was a change in the usage of the Preposition ''na'' or ''v'' with ''Ukraine'' following the country's independence. Traditional usage is ''na Ukrajini'' (loosely, ''at'', as it were referring to a part of a larger entity), but recently Ukrainian authorities have been using ''v Ukrajini'' (''in'', referring to a spatially discrete entity), as this preposition is used with most other country names. While in Ukrainian the newly-introduced usage of ''v Ukrajini'' took hold, the usage in Russian varies. Russian-language media in Ukraine are increasingly using this form. However, the media in Russia mostly use traditional ''na Ukraine'', in some cases defending it as correct usage and discounting the Ukrainian government's authority over the Russian language. Note that historically, the ''U-'' of ''Ukraine'' is itself a preposition See also ''Kiev'' Or ''Kyiv?'' for a similar debate. ALTERNATIVE NAMES Originally the term "Rus'" was applied to the inhabitants of all Rus' principalities, today comprising parts of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. After the fall of Kiev, and until the eighteenth century, the term "Rus" was self-applied by the members of all three East Slavic Nations , but the latinized version, "Ruthenian", was used to designate inhabitants of Ukraine and Belarus; while the ancestors of modern Russians were often referred to as Muscovites or Muscovite Russians by the name of their state that Poland called Muscovy . For the etymology of the terms Rus and Russia, see Etymology Of Rus And Derivatives . "Ukraine", originally a geographic term, dates to the eleventh century. At that time, Ukraine was synonymous with Rus' proper (Rus' Propria). "Ruthenian" originally meant "Rus'", then Ukraine and Belarus, but later became limited to Ukraine alone, and then solely to West Ukrainians (Galicians). Originally it was a term applied to the Rus' by other Europeans (Poles, Germans, and Turks, especially). SEE ALSO REFERENCES |